<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996</id><updated>2009-11-06T15:36:48.755+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Communication leads to community, that is, to understanding, intimacy and mutual valuing</title><subtitle type='html'>I have two eyes to watch, two ears to hear, a brain to think, a mouth to voice, and two hands to blog...</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>1101</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-7014938336037600055</id><published>2009-11-06T15:25:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-06T15:36:48.763+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Milan Kundera</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #070707; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px;"&gt;Sur l'avenir, tout le monde se trompe. L'homme ne peut être sûr que du moment présent. Mais est-ce bien vrai ? Peut-il vraiment le connaître, le présent ? Est-il capable de le juger ? Bien sûr que non. Car comment celui qui ne connaît pas l'avenir pourrait-il comprendre le sens du présent ? Si nous ne savons pas vers quel avenir le présent nous mène, comment pourrions-nous dire que ce présent est bon ou mauvais, qu'il mérite notre adhésion, notre méfiance ou notre haine ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-7014938336037600055?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/7014938336037600055/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=7014938336037600055' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/7014938336037600055'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/7014938336037600055'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/milan-kundera.html' title='Milan Kundera'/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-5124514302081530944</id><published>2009-11-06T15:12:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-06T15:12:31.326+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It has been quite a while that I didn’t even bother to write…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It is like a human recession. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In my case I think it is disappointment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;What should I write about anyway?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Politics or whatever we call it these days? How about education? That is a subject worth looking into, especially in a developing country like &lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;Lebanon&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;How about simply &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Lebanon&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;??? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;What should I say about &lt;st1:country-region w:st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st="on"&gt;Lebanon&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;? Topics are endless, material is abundant. But motivation lacks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I am simply disappointed, and fed up with my generation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;We were supposed to bring real change and that is not a random political statement.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;We were supposed to eradicate sectarianism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;We were supposed to be one people, one hand, one heart, one soul.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Have you already forgotten the effort we put in order to rebuild this country from scratch?? And I am not only talking about the civil war, I am also talking about the last 2006 war.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;So I guess you prefer to party at night and fight during the day. That seems your best option, because it is the option you are choosing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;What happened to our culture? Plastic topics seem to prevail…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;What happened to our language and our heritage? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Why can’t you simply invest in what you have?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Why does it seem so necessary for you to imitate other Arab countries?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;When did we exactly become stones?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;When did modernism and culture become a synonym of ignorance and superficialities? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;What happened to our children? They speak politics at the age of 3, instead of playing with toys and running in playgrounds…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I don’t want to leave, because you cannot take away my identity…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;But I don’t want to stay; I don’t want my future to be between those virtual walls.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;I want to keep learning, keep seeing and discovering new things…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;My ambitions are unlimited and my love is endless…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;You can’t take my country away from me…&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Saria&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-5124514302081530944?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/5124514302081530944/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=5124514302081530944' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/5124514302081530944'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/5124514302081530944'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/it-has-been-quite-while-that-i-didnt.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-5604968619195800751</id><published>2009-11-06T08:49:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-06T08:49:17.117+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="article-meta" style="background-color: white; clear: both; height: 24px; line-height: 28px; padding-right: 4px; text-align: justify; width: 632px;"&gt;&lt;span class="created" style="-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.greencrossinternational.net/templates/greencross/images/icon-date.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat; color: #666666; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 6px;"&gt;27 October 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 class="contentheading_news" style="color: #339966; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Gorbachev outlines his CCTF blueprint for climate change action&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class="article-content" style="background-color: white; float: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div class="img_caption right" style="float: right; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 0.4em; margin-left: 0.4em; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.4em; width: 200px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="GCI Founding President Mikhail Gorbachev (Picture courtesy of Anne Dokter)" class="caption" src="http://www.greencrossinternational.net/images/stories/news/October2009/20091026_clubofromemg2.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: right;" title="GCI Founding President Mikhail Gorbachev (Picture courtesy of Anne Dokter)" /&gt;&lt;div style="clear: right; color: #006530; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;GCI Founding President Mikhail Gorbachev (Picture courtesy of Anne Dokter)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;During his keynote address to the Club of Rome General Assembly in Amsterdam on 26 October, GCI Founding President Mikhail Gorbachev announced his Climate Change Task Force (CCTF) blueprint for a global emergency response to the climate crisis and called for heads of states to come personally to Copenhagen. GCI president Alexander Likhotal read the statement to an audience that included Queen Beatrix of Netherlands, Amsterdam Mayor Job Cohen and other officials.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Former Netherlands Prime Minister, Ruud Lubbers, introduced Mr. Gorbachev complimenting him on his long-lasting commitment to the sustainability and for his ground-breaking work as one of the founding fathers of the Earth Charter. Following Mr. Gorbachev, the former President of Chile, current President of the Club of Madrid and task force member President Ricardo Lagos endorsed the words of President Gorbachev and the declaration. Mr. Gorbachev, Mr. Lagos and Mr. Lubbers then joined Club of Rome President Marlin Lees for a panel discussion on the need for urgent action on climate change at the national and international levels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other notable names in the field of environment and climate change on hand at the even included, NASA Scientist James Hansen, and executive director of Stockholm Environment Institute Johan Rockstrom and Chair of the California Air Resources Board Mary Nichols.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="img_caption right" style="float: right; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 0.4em; margin-left: 0.4em; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.4em; width: 250px;"&gt;&lt;img alt="GCI President Alexander Likhotal, Secretary-General of the Club of Rome. Martin Lees, GCI Founding President Mikhail Gorbachev and the Mayor of Amsterdam Job Cohen" class="caption" src="http://www.greencrossinternational.net/images/stories/news/October2009/20091026_amsterdam2.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; text-align: right;" title="GCI President Alexander Likhotal, Secretary-General of the Club of Rome. Martin Lees, GCI Founding President Mikhail Gorbachev and the Mayor of Amsterdam Job Cohen" /&gt;&lt;div style="clear: right; color: #006530; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: justify;"&gt;GCI President Alexander Likhotal, Secretary-General of the Club of Rome. Martin Lees, GCI Founding President Mikhail Gorbachev and the Mayor of Amsterdam Job Cohen&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The Climate Change Task Force consolidates the efforts of organizations like the Club of Rome, Club of Madrid, the Nobel Peace Laureates and the World Political Forum. It is made up of international public figures and experts including Sir David King and Jean-Michel Cousteau. The inaugural meeting of the task force took place in Geneva on 5 October in the presence of United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and his team.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over 600 people took part in the 2009 Club of Rome General Assembly that focused on energy efficiency, climate stabilization and economic recovery in the run-up to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen later this year.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Club of Rome is a global think tank that has been working on comprehensive solutions to the most pressing challenges of modern society since 1968.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Task force members Ian Dunlop and Mohan Munashinge gave keynote speeches and master classes during the two-day event.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The meeting was held in Amsterdam, one of the top 10 sustainable cities in the European Union. “The city encourages sustainability, works so that public buildings become climate neutral, reduce energy and water consumption,” said, Mayor Cohen. The city also promotes solar and wind energies and is well known for its use of bicycle transportation.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The CCTF has three clear main objectives:&lt;br /&gt;(1) To urge governments to maximise the opportunities Copenhagen offers for a strong and coherent climate deal.&lt;br /&gt;(2) To "recalibrate" the international response to climate change in line with the danger posed to human security and development; and&lt;br /&gt;(3) To engage civil society in the search for appropriate and adequate solutions to the challenges of climate change, building the critical mass for a deep-rooted societal change necessary to contain and then to reverse the effects of climate change.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.greencrossinternational.net/component/docman/doc_download/267-20092610cctf-statement" target="_blank"&gt;To read the full statement, click here.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="article_separator" style="clear: both; height: 10px; text-align: justify; width: 625px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="back_button" style="-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.greencrossinternational.net/templates/greencross/images/back.png); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat-x; clear: both; height: 68px; margin-top: 48px; text-align: justify; width: 632px;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-5604968619195800751?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/5604968619195800751/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=5604968619195800751' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/5604968619195800751'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/5604968619195800751'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/27-october-2009-gorbachev-outlines-his.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-8563783250399055059</id><published>2009-11-06T08:45:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-06T08:45:05.015+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center;" summary=""&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="Table100per" style="width: 559px;" summary="The Details about La Banque mondiale lance le programme « MultiCat » displayed below"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;h1 style="color: black; font: normal normal 700 medium/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"&gt;La Banque mondiale lance le programme « MultiCat »&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;Un nouveau programme d’émission d’obligations pour se couvrir contre les catastrophes aide les gouvernements à s’assurer contre les catastrophes naturelles&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="AWpagetitleLineBlue" colspan="3" style="-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-color: #6699cc; background-image: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 1px; line-height: 1px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="1" src="http://web.worldbank.org/shared/images/shim.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px;" width="10" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="7" src="http://web.worldbank.org/shared/images/shim.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px;" width="10" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;" width="20%"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;" width="80%"&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="Table100per" style="width: 447px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="Lang_OptTxt Lang_Opt" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9px; font: normal normal normal 55%/normal Verdana; text-align: right; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disponible en:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a class="AWContentSmall Nrm" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTARABICHOME/NEWSARABIC/0,,contentMDK:22357253~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:1052299,00.html" style="color: #204e84; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Verdana; text-decoration: underline;" title="العربية"&gt;العربية&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="AWContentSmall Nrm" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/BANCOMUNDIAL/NEWSSPANISH/0,,contentMDK:22358374~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:1074568,00.html" style="color: #204e84; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Verdana; text-decoration: underline;" title="Español"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="AWContentSmall Nrm" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTCHINESEHOME/EXTNEWSCHINESE/0,,contentMDK:22357042~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:3196538,00.html" style="color: #204e84; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Verdana; text-decoration: underline;" title="中文"&gt;中文&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="AWContentSmall Nrm" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22355872~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html" style="color: #204e84; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Verdana; text-decoration: underline;" title="English"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class="AWContentSmall Nrm" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTRUSSIANHOME/NEWSRUSSIAN/0,,contentMDK:22359006~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:1081472,00.html" style="color: #204e84; font: normal normal normal 9px/normal Verdana; text-decoration: underline;" title="русский"&gt;русский&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="5" src="http://web.worldbank.org/shared/images/shim.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px;" width="10" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Communiqué de presse n°:&lt;/b&gt;2010/100&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" height="5" src="http://web.worldbank.org/shared/images/shim.gif" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px;" width="10" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="3" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336699; font-family: verdna; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 4px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Personnes à contacter :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Diane Cashman (+1 202) 458 8771&lt;a href="mailto:dcashman@worldbank.org" style="color: #204e84; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;dcashman@worldbank.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ivan Zelenko (+1202) 473 5445&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:izelenko@worldbank.org" style="color: #204e84; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;izelenko@worldbank.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Issam Abousleiman (+1 202) 458 0865&lt;a href="mailto:abousleiman@worldbank.org" style="color: #204e84; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;abousleiman@worldbank.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;WASHINGTON, 19 octobre 2009 —&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;La Banque mondiale (Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement) a annoncé aujourd’hui le lancement du programme MultiCat, un programme d’émission d’obligations qui permet aux États et autres organismes publics d’avoir accès aux marchés financiers internationaux pour s’assurer contre les risques de catastrophes naturelles. Pour la première fois, un programme est spécifiquement mis au point pour aider les gouvernements des pays en développement à accéder à une couverture d’assurance sur les marchés financiers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;Le programme MultiCat permet à ceux qui y participent d’acquérir une assurance pertinente pour des risques multiples, plusieurs pays et régions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;.&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Les tremblements de terre, les inondations, les ouragans et les tempêtes de vent sont les différents types d’intempéries contre lesquelles il est possible de s’assurer.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;Le programme met en place un cadre opérationnel, juridique et de documentation commun pour l’émission d’obligations « catastrophes » futures qui porteront elles aussi le label MultiCat&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;Le programme se distingue par sa flexibilité et s’accommode d’une large gamme de structures, notamment la mise en commun de risques multiples, pour tirer parti des avantages liés à la&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;diversification. L’un des principaux objectifs visés par la Banque mondiale à travers le programme est d’aider ses clients à obtenir un bon rapport coût-efficacité, en offrant aux investisseurs la possibilité de diversifier leurs portefeuilles par l’investissement dans des actifs indépendants d’autres actifs et en élargissant la base&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;existante&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;d’investisseurs détenteurs d’obligations « catastrophes ».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;« Le programme MultiCat est un important pas en avant vers l’accroissement de la liquidité, notamment en réduisant les coûts de transaction et en offrant aux investisseurs qui détiennent des titres « catastrophes » les avantages de la diversification au regard des pays et des risques, » affirme Kenneth Lay, Vice-président et Trésorier de la Banque mondiale. « Nous pensons que cela se traduira par un bien meilleur accès à la couverture et à des conditions nettement plus bénéfiques pour les gouvernements et les autres organismes publics qui auront recours au programme pour gérer les risques de catastrophes, ce qui réduira l’impact financier et économique des catastrophes naturelles ».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;C’est dans le cadre d’une collaboration étroite avec le Gouvernement du Mexique, l’un des émetteurs souverains les plus expérimentés du marché des obligations « catastrophes », que la Banque mondiale a élaboré le programme MultiCat. Le succès remporté par le Mexique au moyen de MultiCat en procédant à l’émission publique d’une série de titres d’un montant total de 290 millions de dollars constitue la&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;première du genre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;«&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;Le partenariat établi entre le Mexique et la Banque mondiale au titre du programme MultiCat nous a permis, pour la première fois, de transférer efficacement sur le marché la couverture d’un ensemble de risques&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;tels que les&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;tremblements de terre et les ouragans ; et nous sommes très satisfaits des résultats obtenus, » déclare Alejandro Werner, Vice-ministre des Finances du Gouvernement du Mexique. « Nous sommes par ailleurs très fiers d’avoir contribué à la création de ce programme qui permet de donner à d’autres membres de la Banque mondiale l’accès à un nouvel ensemble d’outils de gestion des risques liés aux catastrophes »&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;Le Département de la Trésorerie de la Banque mondiale s’est occupé du montage de cette opération et a désigné&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Swiss Re Capital Markets Corporation&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;et&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Goldman Sachs&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;comme co-chefs de file et responsables conjoints, et s’est attaché les services de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Munich Re&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;comme conseiller.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;Le programme MultiCat élargit la gamme d’instruments proposés par la Banque mondiale pour financer la couverture contre les risques de catastrophe, y compris l’option de tirage différé en cas de catastrophe qui est une ligne de crédit permettant d’accéder directement à des financements à la suite d’une catastrophe naturelle ; et des services d’intermédiation pour la protection contre les risques climatiques et le Mécanisme d’assurance contre les risques de catastrophe dans les Caraïbes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;À propos de la Banque mondiale et du Département de la Trésorerie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"&gt;La Banque mondiale est une coopérative de développement internationale appartenant à 186 pays membres. Elle a pour mission d’aider ses membres à afficher durablement une croissance économique équitable et à trouver des solutions efficaces aux problèmes régionaux et mondiaux urgents qui compromettent le développement économique et la viabilité écologique, afin de faire reculer la pauvreté et d’améliorer le niveau de vie des populations du monde. Le Département de la Trésorerie de la Banque mondiale mène des activités de financement et administre le portefeuille d’investissement de l’institution. Il fournit également des services bancaires, financiers et de gestion d’actifs aux membres de la Banque mondiale et à d’autres organismes du secteur public.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top;"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="shortUrlDiv" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;Permanent URL for this page:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://go.worldbank.org/6TOPEDK270" style="color: #204e84; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;http://go.worldbank.org/6TOPEDK270&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-8563783250399055059?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/8563783250399055059/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=8563783250399055059' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8563783250399055059'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8563783250399055059'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/la-banque-mondiale-lance-le-programme.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-8359437706108112345</id><published>2009-11-05T11:22:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-05T11:22:06.674+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;center&gt;&lt;h3 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Women in Ancient Egypt&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/nefertiti.gif" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptdancers.gif" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Unlike the position of women in most other ancient civilizations, including that of Greece, the Egyptian woman seems to have enjoyed the same legal and economic rights as the Egyptian man - at least in theory. This notion is reflected in Egyptian art and historical inscriptions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It is uncertain why these rights existed for the woman in Egypt but no where else in the ancient world. It may well be that such rights were ultimately related to the theoretical role of the king in Egyptian society. If the pharaoh was the personification of Egypt, and he represented the corporate personality of the Egyptian state, then men and women might not have been seen in their familiar relationships, but rather, only in regard to this royal center of society.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Since Egyptian national identity would have derived from all people sharing a common relationship with the king, then in this relationship, which all men and women shared equally, they were--in a sense--equal to each other. This is not to say that Egypt was an egalitarian society. It was not. Legal distinctions in Egypt were apparently based much more upon differences in the social classes, rather than differences in gender. Rights and privileges were not uniform from one class to another, but within the given classes, it seems that equal economic and legal rights were, for the most part, accorded to both men and women.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Most of the textual and archaeological evidence for the role of women that survives from prior to the New Kingdom pertains to the elite, not the common folk. At this time, it is the elite, for the most part, who leave written records or who can afford tombs that contain such records. However, from the New Kingdom onward, and certainly by the Ptolemaic Period, such evidence pertains more and more to the non-elite, i.e., to women of the middle and lower classes. Actually, the bulk of the evidence for the economic freedom of Egyptian women derives from the Ptolemaic Period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Greek domination of Egypt, which began with the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 B.C., did not sweep away Egyptian social and political institutions. Both Egyptian and Greek systems of law and social traditions existed side-by-side in Egypt at that time. Greeks functioned within their system and Egyptians within theirs. Mixed parties of Greeks and Egyptians making contractual agreements or who were forced into court over legal disputes would choose which of the two legal systems in which they would base their settlements. Ironically, while the Egyptians were the subjugated people of their Greek rulers, Egyptian women, operating under the Egyptian system, had more privileges and civil rights than the Greek women living in the same society, but who functioned under the more restrictive Greek social and legal system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;WOMEN'S LEGAL RIGHTS:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Egyptian woman's rights extended to all the legally defined areas of society. From the bulk of the legal documents, we know that women could manage and dispose of private property, including: land, portable goods, servants, slaves, livestock, and money (when it existed), as well as financial instruments (i.e., endowments and annuities). A woman could administer all her property independently and according to her free will. She could conclude any kind of legal settlement. She could appear as a contracting partner in a marriage contract or a divorce contract; she could execute testaments; she could free slaves; she could make adoptions. She was entitled to sue at law. It is highly significant that a woman in Egypt could do all of the above and initiate litigation in court freely without the need of a male representative. This amount of freedom was at variance with that of the Greek woman who required a designated male, called a kourios, to represent or stand for her in all legal contracts and proceedings. This male was her husband, father or brother.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;WOMEN'S PROPERTY RIGHTS:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There were several ways for an Egyptian woman to acquire possessions and real property. Most frequently, she received it as gifts or as an inheritance from her parents or husband, or else, she received it through purchases--with goods which she earned either through employment, or which she borrowed. Under Egyptian property law, a woman had claim to one-third of all the community property in her marriage, i.e. the property which accrued to her husband and her only after they were married. When a woman brought her own private property to a marriage (e.g., as a dowry), this apparently remained hers, although the husband often had the free use of it. However, in the event of divorce her property had to be returned to her, in addition to any divorce settlement that might be stipulated in the original marriage contract.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A wife was entitled to inherit one-third of that community property on the death of her husband, while the other two-thirds was divided among the children, followed up by the brothers and sisters of the deceased. To circumvent this possibility and to enable life to receive either a larger part of the share, or to allow her to dispose of all the property, a husband could do several things:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;1) In the Middle Kingdom, he could draw up an imyt-pr, a "house document," which was a legal unilateral deed for donating property. As a living will, it was made and perhaps executed while the husband was still alive. In this will, the husband would assign to his wife what he wished of his own private property, i.e., what he acquired before his marriage. An example of this is the imyt-pr of Wah from el-Lahun. 2) If there were no children, and the husband did not wish his brothers and sisters to receive two-thirds of the community property, he could legally adopt his wife as his child and heir and bequeath all the property to her. Even if he had other children, he could still adopt his wife, so that, as his one of his legal offspring, she would receive some of the two-thirds share, in addition to her normal one-third share of the community property.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A woman was free to bequeath property from her husband to her children or even to her own brothers and sisters (unless there was some stipulation against such in her husband's will). One papyrus tells us how a childless woman, who after she inherited her husband's estate, raised the three illegitimate children who were born to him and their female household slave (such liaisons were fairly common in the Egyptian household and seem to have borne no social stigma). She then married the eldest illegitimate step-daughter to her younger brother, whom she adopted as her son, that they might receive the entire inheritance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A woman could also freely disinherit children of her private property, i.e., the property she brought to her marriage or her share of the community property. She could selectively bequeath that property to certain children and not to others. Such action is recorded in the Will of Naunakht.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;WOMEN IN CONTRACTS:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Women in Egypt were consistently concluding contracts, including: marriage and divorce settlements, engagements of wet-nurses, purchases of property, even arrangements for self-enslavement. Self-enslavement in Egypt was actually a form of indentured servitude. Although self-enslavement appears to have been illegal in Egypt, it was practiced by both men and women. To get around the illegality, the servitude was stipulated only for a limited number of years, although it was usually said to be "99 years."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Under self-enslavement, women often technically received a salary for their labor. Two reasons for which a woman might be forced into such an arrangement are:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;(1) as payment to a creditor to satisfy bad debts;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;(2) to be assured of one's provisions and financial security, for which a person might even pay a monthly fee, as though they were receiving a service. However, this fee would equal the salary that the provider had to pay for her labor; thus, no "money" would be exchanged. Since this service was a legal institution, then a contract was drawn up stipulating the conditions and the responsibilities of the involved parties.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In executing such an arrangement, a woman could also include her children and grandchildren, alive or unborn. One such contract of a woman who bound herself to the temple of Saknebtynis states:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The female servant (so &amp;amp; so) has said before my master, Saknebtynis, the great god, 'I am your servant, together with my children and my children's children. I shall not be free in your precinct forever and ever. You will protect me; you will keep me safe; you will guard me. You will keep me sound; you will protect me from every demon, and I will pay you 1-1/4 kita of copper . . . until the completion of 99 years, and I will give it to your priests monthly.'&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;If such women married male "slaves," the status of their children depended on the provisions of their contracts with their owners.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;WOMEN BEFORE THE BAR:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Egyptian women had the right to bring lawsuits against anyone in open court, and there was no gender-based bias against them, and we have many cases of women winning their claims. A good example of this fact is found in the Inscription of Mes. This inscription is the actual court record of a long and drawn- out private land dispute which occurred in the New Kingdom. Significantly, the inscription shows usfour things: (1) women could manage property, and they could inherit trusteeship of property; (2) women could institute litigation (and appeal to the court of the vizier); (3) women were awarded legal decisions (and had decisions reversed on appeal); (4) women acted as witnesses before a court of law.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;However, based upon the Hermopolis Law Code of the third century B.C., the freedom of women to share easily with their male relatives in the inheritance of landed property was perhaps restricted somewhat. According to the provisions of theHermopolis Law Code, where an executor existed, the estate of the deceased was divided up into a number of parcels equal to the number of children of the deceased, both alive and dead. Thereafter, each male child (or that child's heirs), in order of birth, took his pick of the parcels. Only when the males were finished choosing, were the female children permitted to choose their parcels (in chronological order). The male executor was permitted to claim for himself parcels of any children and heirs who predeceased the father without issue. Female executors were designated when there were no sons to function as such. However, the code is specific that--unlike male executors--they could not claim the parcels of any dead children.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Still, it is not appropriate to compare the provisions of the Hermopolis Law Code to the Inscription of Mes, since the latter pertains to the inheritance of an office, i.e., a trusteeship of land, and not to the land itself. Indeed, the system of dividing the estate described in the l aw code--or something similar to it- -might have existed at least as early as the New Kingdom, since the Instructions of Any contains the passage, "Do not say, 'My grandfather has a house. An enduring house, it is called' (i.e., don't brag of any future inheritance), for when you take your share with your brothers, your portion may only be a storehouse."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;FEMALE LITERACY:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It is uncertain, generally, how literate the Egyptian woman was in any period. Baines and Eyre suggest very low figures for the percentage of the literate in the Egypt population, i.e., only about 1% in the Old Kingdom (i.e., 1 in 20 or 30 males). Other Egyptologists would dispute these estimates, seeing instead an amount at about 5-10% of the population. In any event, it is certain that the rate of literacy of Egyptian women was well behind that of men from the Old Kingdom through the Late Period.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Lower class women, certainly were illiterate; middle class women and the wives of professional men, perhaps less so. The upper class probably had a higher rate of literate women. In the Old and Middle Kingdoms, middle and upper class women are occasionally found in the textual and archaeological record with administrative titles that are indicative of a literate ability. In the New Kingdom the frequency at which these titles occur declines significantly, suggesting an erosion in the rate of female literacy at that time (let alone the freedom to engage in an occupation). However, in a small number of tomb representations of the New Kingdom, certain noblewomen are associated with scribal palettes, suggesting a literate ability. Women are also recorded as the senders and recipients of a small number of letters in Egypt (5 out of 353). However, in these cases we cannot be certain that they personally penned or read these letters, rather than employed the services of professional scribes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Many royal princesses at court had private tutors, and most likely, these tutors taught them to read and write. Royal women of the Eighteenth Dynasty probably were regularly trained, since many were functioning leaders. Since royal princesses would have been educated, it then seems likely that the daughters of the royal courtiers were similarly educated. In the inscriptions, we occasionally do find titles of female scribes among the middle class from the Middle Kingdom on, especially after the Twenty- sixth Dynasty, when the rate of literacy increased throughout the country. The only example of a female physician in Egypt occurs in the Old Kingdom. Scribal instruction was a necessary first step toward medical training.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;WOMEN IN PUBLIC:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The Egyptian woman in general was free to go about in public; she worked out in the fields and in estate workshops. Certainly, she did not wear a veil, which is first documented among the ancient Assyrians (perhaps reflecting a tradition of the ancient semitic- speaking people of the Syrian and Arabian Deserts). However, it was perhaps unsafe for an Egyptian woman to venture far from her town alone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ramesses III boasts in one inscription, "I enabled the woman of Egypt to go her own way, her journeys being extended where she wanted, without any person assaulting her on the road." A different view of the traveling women is found in the Instructions of Any, "Be on your guard against a woman from abroad, who is not known in town, do not have sex with her." So by custom, there might have been a reputation of impiousness or looseness associated with a woman traveling alone in Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Despite the legal freedom of women to travel about, folk custom or tradition may have discouraged that. So, e.g., earlier in the Old Kingdom, Ptahhotep would write, "If you desire to make a friendship last in a house to which you have access to its master as a brother or friend in any place where you might enter, beware of approaching the women. It does not go well with a place where that is done."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;However, the theme of this passage might actually refer to violating personal trust and not the accessibility of women, per se. However, mores and values apparently changed by the New Kingdom. The love poetry of that era, as well as certain letters, are quite frank about the public accessibility and freedom of women.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;WOMEN'S OCCUPATIONS:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In general, the work of the upper and middle class woman was limited to the home and the family. This was not due to an inferior legal status, but was probably a consequence of her customary role as mother and bearer of children, as well as the public role of the Egyptian husbands and sons who functioned as the executors of the mortuary cults of their deceased parents. It was the traditional role of the good son to bury his parents, support their funerary cult, to bring offerings regularly to the tombs, and to recite the offering formula. Because women are not regularly depicted doing this in Egyptian art, they probably did not often assume this role. When a man died without a surviving son to preserve his name and present offerings, then it was his brother who was often depicted in the art doing so. Perhaps because it was the males who were regularly entrusted with this important religious task, that they held the primary position in public life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;As far as occupations go, in the textual sources upper class woman are occasionally described as holding an office, and thus they might have executed real jobs. Clearly, though, this phenomenon was more prevalent in the Old Kingdom than in later periods (perhaps due to the lower population at that time). In Wente's publication of Egyptian letters, he notes that of 353 letters known from Egypt, only 13 provide evidence of women functioning with varying degrees of administrative authority.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;On of the most exalted administrative titles of any woman who was not a queen was held by a non-royal women named Nebet during the Sixth Dynasty, who was entitled, "Vizier, Judge and Magistrate." She was the wife of the nomarch of Coptos and grandmother of King Pepi I.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;However, it is possible that the title was merely honorific and granted to her posthumously. Through the length of Egyptian history, we see many titles of women which seem to reflect real administrative authority, including one woman entitled, "Second Prophet (i.e. High Priest) of Amun" at the temple of Karnak, which was, otherwise, a male office. Women could and did hold male administrative positions in Egypt. However, such cases are few, and thus appear to be the exceptions to tradition. Given the relative scarcity of such, they might reflect extraordinary individuals in unusual circumstances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Women functioned as leaders, e.g., kings, dowager queens and regents, even as usurpers of rightful heirs, who were either their step-sons or nephews. We find women as nobility and landed gentry managing both large and small estates, e.g., the lady Tchat who started as overseer of a nomarch's household with a son of middling status; married the nomarch; was elevated, and her son was also raised in status. Women functioned as middle class housekeepers, servants, fieldhands, and all manner of skilled workers inside the household and in estate-workshops.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Women could also be national heroines in Egypt. Extraordinary cases include: Queen Ahhotep of the early Eighteenth Dynasty. She was renowned for saving Egypt during the wars of liberation against the Hyksos, and she was praised for rallying the Egyptian troops and crushing rebellion in Upper Egypt at a critical juncture of Egyptian history. In doing so, she received Egypt's highest military decoration at least three times, the Order of the Fly. Queen Hatshepsut, as a ruling king, was actually described as going on military campaign in Nubia. Eyewitness reports actually placed her on the battlefield weighing booty and receiving the homage of defeated rebels.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;WOMEN AND CRIME:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;These ordinary and extraordinary roles are not the only ones in which we see Egyptian women cast in ancient Egypt. We also see Egyptian women as the victims of crime (and rape); also as the perpetrators of crime, as adulteresses and even as convicts.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Women criminals certainly existed, although they do not appear frequently in the historical record. A woman named Nesmut was implicated in a series of robberies of the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the Twentieth Dynasty. Examples of women convicts are also known.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;According to one Brooklyn Museum papyrus from the Middle Kingdom, a woman was incarcerated at the prison at Thebes because she fled her district to dodge the corvee service on a royal estate. Most of the concubines and lesser wives involved in the harim conspiracy against Ramesses III were convicted and had their noses and ears cut off, while others were invited to commit suicide. Another woman is indicated among the lists of prisoners from a prison at el-Lahun. However, of the prison lists we have, the percentage of women's names is very small compared to those of men, and this fact may be significant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;MARRIAGE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Marrige was a very important part af ancient Egyptian society. Some people say it was almost a duty to get married. Husbands could marry more than one wife, and people of close relations (first cousins, brothers and sisters, ect.) could also wed one another. For the most part, however, incest was frowned upon, except in the royal family, where incest was used to safeguard the dynastic succession.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There was no age limit as to when people could be married, but generally a girl did not get married until she had begun to menstruate at about the age of 14. Some documents state that girls may have been married at the age of eight or nine, and a mummy of an eleven year-old wife has also been found. Marriage required no religious or legal ceremony. There were no special bridal clothes, no exchange of rings, no change of names to indicate marriage, and no word meaning wedding.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A girl became universally acknowledged as a wife after she physically left the protection of her father's house and entered her new home. The new husband in no way became the new wife's legal guardian. The wife kept her independence, and still kept control her own assets. Although the husband usually controlled any joint property obtained during the marriage it was acknowledged that a share of this belonged to the wife; if and when the marriage ended, she could collect he share. If the husband died while married, the wife got one-third of her husband's property. re-marriage after widowhood was very common, and some grave sites indicate three or four marriages between one person.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Divorce was a private matter, and for the most part, the government did not interfere, unless upon the request of the "divorcees". Almost any excuse could be used to end a marriage, and an alliance could be terminated at will. Anyone who had drawn up a marriage contract would have to honor those terms, and those who hadn't could, if they wished, could invest in a legal document. Legal cases, however, were very unusual; most marriages ended with the wife moving back to the matrimonial home, returning to her family, therefore setting both parties free to marry again.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The more intimate parts of married life were very important to the Egyptians. They saw life as a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Much of their theology was based on the "cycle-principal". Sexual intercourse was a very important part of this cycle, and the Egyptians were not modest about sex, like today's society. The Egyptians, unlike us, were not concerned with the spiritual part of the afterlife, but rather about potency and fertility. Consequently, false penises were put on the mummified bodies of men, and artificial nipples were put on the mummified bodies of women. Both of these were designed to be fully functional in the afterlife.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pregnancy was very important to ancient Egyptian women. A fertile woman was a successful woman. By becoming pregnant, women gained the respect of society, approval from their husbands, and the admiration of their less-fortunate sisters and sterile friends. Men needed to prove their "manliness" by fathering as many children as the possibly could, and babies were seen as a reason for boasting.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Although the mechanism of menstruation was not fully understood the significance of missing periods was clear, and many Egyptian women were able to determine if the were pregnant or not. If women were not sure, they could go to a doctor, who would perform a detailed examination of the woman's breasts eyes, and skin. If a woman was sterile, and could not produce babies, many men solved this problem by divorcing them. But this treatment was harsh, and for the most part, frowned upon. A more publicly-accepted way of solving the problem of sterility was adoption, and due to the short life expectancy and high birth rate, there was always a supply of orphaned children.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A mother named her child immediately following birth, thereby making sure the child would have a name in the afterlife in the unfortunate case of a miscarriage. The Egyptians feared the "second-death" even more than the first one. The second-death was the complete obliteration of all earthly memory, which is why names were so important to the Egyptians. Spells were painted on the coffin of the deceased to ensure nobody would forget him or her. Many people say the Egyptian time was a good time to live. It seems that it was, at least, a nice place for women to live. It was filled with equality for them, and gave them some basic rights that today's society is lacking.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr style="text-align: justify;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The First Women Doctor in Ancient Egypt&lt;/center&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Like mathematics and astronomy, medicine was quite well-developed in the Old Kingdom. Many of the physicians&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;sunu&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;were attached to the royal palace. Among them, there were degrees of specialization. Specialists included the physician of the eyes of the Great House&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;sunu irty per-aa&lt;/i&gt;: an oculist. Other physicians were also described as dentists, entereo-gastrits, etc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Medical instructions and precepts were written down as early as the Fifth Dynasty (2465-2322 B.C.). In the Vizier (Prime Minister) Wash-Ptahs tomb at Saqqara, an event is recorded in which the King, Neferirkare Kakai (2446-2436 B.C.), ordered the chief of physicians to bring books with which to cure an illness from which his high official suffered. Some medical works of later times - such as the so-called&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Edwin Smith Papyrus&lt;/i&gt;, for example - have been credited with great antiquity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1930, in a text entitled&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Excavations at Giza I, 1929-1930&lt;/i&gt;, Dr. Selim Hassan published the stela of&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Peseshet&lt;/i&gt;, which was discovered within an Old Kingdom tomb{3}. Dr. Hassan translated Peseshets title as follows: "Overseer of the doctors." In fact, the word&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;imyt-r&lt;/i&gt;, "overseer," does exist for the feminine gender. Moreover, the word&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;swnu&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;sunu&lt;/i&gt;), "doctor," is written in the text with the grammatical ending for the feminine gender, the symbol for "t". It is clear, then, that Peseshet was a woman doctor (swnwt) and the director (&lt;i&gt;imyt-r&lt;/i&gt;) of the women doctors (swnwwt). The fact that the word swnu, "physician," was used declares that this title involved a question of medicine. That the word "swnwt" was used indicates a woman physician.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Lady Peseshet had another title which reads as follows:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;imyt-r&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;hm(wt)-ka&lt;/i&gt;, that is "woman director of the soul-priestesses." The soul-priests (or priestesses) were appointed to tend the funerary cults of private persons. As we know, women in Egyptian society enjoy high social and professional status like men. All professions were open to educated women and men, including the clergy, administration, business, and medicine, among other fields.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Apparently There was a body of female physicians in Ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom and Lady Peseshet was their director. The contemporary problem of exlucing women in special professions was absent in Ancient Egypt.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There were more than a hundred prominent female physicians in Ancient Egypt. In contrast, we do not know of any female physicians in Mesoptamian history. The medical historiography must include the fact that Lady Peseshet was indeed the first female physician in Africa and in world history. This is a fact absolutely verifiable: historical scholarship in Europe, in Africa, and across the globe has not previously brough this important historical moment to the consciousness of humanity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-8359437706108112345?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/8359437706108112345/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=8359437706108112345' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8359437706108112345'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8359437706108112345'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/women-in-ancient-egypt-unlike-position.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-8899127797244409035</id><published>2009-11-05T11:21:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-05T11:21:19.474+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #000031; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.omraneya.net/node/98537" style="color: #3399cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;Bikya Masr&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Sun, 2009-09-06 13:30 By bikyamasr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #000031; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;"&gt;&lt;div class="field-node-body" dir="LTR"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Egypt: Women face tough times with sexual harassment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Bikya Masr&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;6 September 2009&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Egyptian women wonder what their future looks like." class="size-medium wp-image-2936" height="200" src="http://bikyamasr.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/mg_1967.jpg?w=300&amp;amp;h=200" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; max-width: 70%;" title="_MG_1967" width="300" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="wp-caption-text" dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Egyptian women wonder what their future looks like.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;CAIRO: In the face of rising sexual harassment, Egyptian women are struggling to cope with life in the North African nation. Marking the one-year anniversary of the Egyptian Center for Women’s Rights (ECWR) report on harassment in Egypt, Bikya Masr details how little has changed for women here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;The report by the ECWR titled “Clouds in Egypt’s Sky” showed that 98 percent of foreign women and over 60 percent of Egyptian women are harassed on a daily basis. The study was conducted on a sample of more than 2000 women in a number of governorates.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;It is the holidays that brings out the worst harassment and sexual assaults. Twice in the past three Eid holidays – the 4 day holiday that marks the end or Ramadan – hundreds of women have been attacked by men in very public places.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Last year, women were attacked in a popular street in the Mohandiseen area in Cairo, nearly two years to the date since a downtown incident near a cinema sparked the beginning of a serious debate over sexual harassment in the country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;According to eyewitness accounts, around 150 boys and young men attacked women on the street, ripping at female bystanders’ clothes in the country’s worst sexual harassment incident since the October 24, 2006, downtown Cairo attacks.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Women reported groping, inappropriate touching and even worse. Veiled women had their clothes torn off by the attackers who once again used the mob scene to create widespread fear and terror. One woman who wears the niqab – the veil that covers the entire face – reported men grabbing at it in an attempt to tear it off her face.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;In October 2006, during the Eid celebrations that follow the Holy Month of Ramadan, dozens of young men and boys attacked any woman in the area in the heart of downtown Cairo, ripping and groping women in the area. Shopkeepers were forced to open their doors and allow the victims to escape the terror.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;As defined by the ECWR, sexual harassment is “unwanted sexual conduct deliberately perpetrated by the harasser, resulting in sexual, physical, or psychological abuse of the victim regardless of location, whether in the workplace, the street, public transportation, educational institution, or even in private places such as home or in the company of others such as relatives or colleagues, etc.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;But, even still, the government and police have done little to enforce the laws in place, which call for up to one-year in prison and a hefty fine for perpetrators.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;“The police chief told another man ‘what if this were to happen to a foreigner or even an ambassador’s wife? Then we would have a problem.’ I felt as if I was being demeaned because I was Egyptian,” said an Egyptian woman who recently took an incident to a local police office. She argued that the police do not seem to put much weight when it comes to average Egyptians complaining of harassment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;And it is Egyptian women who face the brunt of harassment on a daily basis. ECWR agrees, saying that “not addressing this problem leads to total injustice, especially since victims often hesitate to report incidents for lack of confidence in the legal system or fear of being blamed herself.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;But, the discourse is not being heard by some men in government. Mohsen Reda, an Egyptian member of Parliament, argued that women should be dressed more modestly as “a lot our youth can’t afford marriage, so it is only normal for some harassment to take place.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;A fully veiled woman seems to be dressed modestly, women argue, disagreeing with sentiments that avoid placing blame on men.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;“Of course he is talking about another nation. If you walk down the street you will see the truth: women are modest,” said a retired mother of two women.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir="LTR" style="margin-bottom: 0.9em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: justify;"&gt;BM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/bikyamasr.wordpress.com/2934/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3399cc; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-8899127797244409035?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/8899127797244409035/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=8899127797244409035' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8899127797244409035'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8899127797244409035'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/bikya-masr-sun-2009-09-06-1330-by.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-1354429612032183665</id><published>2009-11-05T11:18:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-05T11:18:40.993+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, 'MS sans serif'; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="headline" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, 'MS sans serif'; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; margin-right: 50px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-top: 20px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Libyan women consider the veil&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bo" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;The BBC's Rana Jawad in Libya's capital, Tripoli, explores the moral and religious dilemmas women are facing over wearing a veil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It is a typical day for Najat Tarhouni; she's come back from work and her friend drops by for a chat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Najat normally wears a veil in public but prefers not to when standing outside her building as she flaunts her thick, long hair.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Her friend compliments the healthy shine and a discussion ensues about where and when to wear the veil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="ibox" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: block; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; page-break-inside: avoid;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Most young girls my age wear the veil in a trendy way&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Jihan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bo" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The veil has experienced a popular comeback in recent years among North African women.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Najat wore the veil a few years ago because her teenage daughter suddenly decided to cover up. She has since been caught in a moral and religious battle with herself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There is a general consensus that wearing the headscarf is a religious duty in Islam but there are also other factors dictating whether a Muslim woman covers up.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"My husband is open-minded and we sometimes travel on holiday, so I was thinking the next time we do that, what if I feel like going to a nightclub with him? I can't do that with a veil - I'm seriously thinking of removing it permanently - I feel so restricted with it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Following fashion&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Her friend Afaf wears her veil Tuareg-style, tightly wrapped around the forehead and cascading below the neck as she reflects on a bit of history.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bo" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"I think the beginning of the hijab trend which appeared in the 1980s in Libya was mainly due to economic reasons like things becoming more expensive and low state wages."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Women needed a sizeable budget for their fashion needs, so their solution was to wear the veil and cover up with a simple cloak to escape from the economic strangulation."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;That was then, this is now and today Libyan women and girls are covering up for different reasons and in different ways.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Hala, a housewife, says that given the choice she would not cover up at all.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"If you don't wear it here, people look at you as if you're doing something horribly wrong - this is the only way you'll fit in this society - to feel that you belong."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disagreement&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;My next street encounter is with a young Libyan, Hala al-Mgadmi, who wears the niqab, with her entire face covered in a black veil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="ibox" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: block; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 50px; margin-right: 50px; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; page-break-inside: avoid;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;Women needed a sizeable budget for their fashion needs, so their solution was to wear the veil and cover up&lt;/b&gt;”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Afaf&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="bo" style="page-break-inside: avoid;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"I did not choose to wear the veil this way, this is how Allah and Islam requires you to wear it. Seduction is in the face," she says.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"Those who reveal their faces are not really veiled although there's disagreement amongst intellectuals about that. Some say it's ok to show your face and hands but most agree it's not."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;When asked if wearing the niqab posed any social restrictions in her life she said:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"In a way, yes it poses a lot of restrictions because this way of covering up is generally not acceptable here."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A little-known fact about Libya is that teachers are not allowed to teach with their entire faces covered.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;It is not a Libyan law that imposes that restriction, but rather an undeclared one that the educational community agrees on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;And while schools here carry lessons in Islam, teachers are not allowed to preach and influence their students on how to implement it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Personal choice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Jihan demonstrates her faith with a fashionable edge. She wears tight blue jeans, a grey shirt under a tight pink vest, an olive-green veil with sequins and matching accessories to go with it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Some might argue this defeats the purpose of the hijab, but Jihan disagrees.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"I don't think it's a contradiction. I respect girls who wear the cloak but it's a personal conviction. I like fashion and I don't feel that looking attractive, and wearing the veil interferes with Islam. Most young girls my age wear the veil in a trendy way."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In a country where the majority of women are publicly veiled, their private thoughts and personal reasons for covering up are often overlooked.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="footer" style="color: #666666; font-size: 11px; padding-top: 80px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Story from BBC NEWS:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/6170411.stm&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Published: 2006/12/13 09:22:13 GMT&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;© BBC MMIX&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-1354429612032183665?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/1354429612032183665/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=1354429612032183665' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/1354429612032183665'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/1354429612032183665'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/libyan-women-consider-veil-bbcs-rana.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-3057520073293750882</id><published>2009-11-05T10:39:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-05T10:39:29.823+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #634832; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 14px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 588px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="520"&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="moduletable"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;img alt="Analysis" border="0" height="65" src="http://www.globalfundforwomen.org/cms/issues/analysis/images/stories/headers/analysis.gif" width="520" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="contentpaneopen" style="-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 521px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="contentheading" style="color: #67004e; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-top: 8px; text-align: left;" width="100%"&gt;Lebanon: Women Want Greater Political Representation&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="contentpaneopen" style="-webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; width: 521px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;A news report shared by GFW grantee,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://wluml.org/english/newsfulltxt.shtml?cmd[157]=x-157-564700" style="color: #4f76a7; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;Women Living Under Muslim Laws&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;, sheds light on the political situation in Lebanon:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;While Lebanese women today enjoy senior positions in the private sector, political appointments have all but eluded them.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanese women were granted suffrage in 1953, yet to this day they face considerable obstacles entering politics in a country where political dynasties and patriarchy rule. Most women who do enter politics do so "wearing black", filling a position made available by a deceased male relative. Two such examples are Myrna Boustani, who became the first Lebanese woman in parliament upon her father's death, and Nayla Mouawad, who entered parliament after becoming a widowed former first lady of Lebanon.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;But even when a female politician arrives in parliament without the help of tragedy – such as Bahia Hariri in 1992, well before the assassination of her brother and five-time prime minister, Rafic Hariri – it still seemed to be a requirement that she hail from a rich and traditionally political family. It is virtually impossible for independent, self-made women to enter the political arena.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Unfortunately, the issue of women's political participation was only superficially addressed in the 7 June elections. The polls, which saw a Hizbullah-led opposition defeated by the March 14 coalition, were widely hailed as the most competitive in years; but out of 587 candidates only 12 were women, a figure that translates into a mere two percent. Even more deplorable is the fact that out of those 12, only four – Nayla Tueni, Bahia Hariri, Strida Geagea and Gilberte Zwein, each of them hailing from political dynasties – were elected to Lebanon's 128-member parliament.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanon's instability has in the past helped drown out the voices calling for gender equality. Over the last, relatively problem-free 12 months, however, those voices have become louder and more persistent – most notably in a campaign to alter Lebanon's discriminatory nationality law, which prevents Lebanese women married to non-Lebanese men from transferring their nationality to their husbands and children. Pressure has also been brought to bear on Beirut to amend discriminatory personal status laws and greater efforts to combat gender-based violence have been urged.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;But during the run-up to elections, the closest the country came to a national debate on women's role in politics was a slogan war between the opposition's Free Patriotic Movement, who played on the well-known French saying, "Sois Belle et Tais-Toi" (Be Beautiful and Shut Up) with their "Sois Belle et Vote" (Be Beautiful and Vote) poster, and the March 14 coalition, who responded with "Sois Egale et Vote" (Be Equal and Vote). Parties were keen to attract women voters, but none made clear how exactly they intended to promote women's rights.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Women will only be able to play a greater part in the governance of Lebanon if the country's political system moves away from the traditional status quo of a sectarian system towards a more secular meritocracy. A national commission to draft a new electoral law in 2005 suggested introducing a 30 percent women's quota, but this was rejected. If parties are serious in calling for equality between the genders, they could impose voluntary quotas within their structures to ensure that a minimum number of women run in both intra-party and national elections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanon in fact has a duty to eliminate gender discrimination. Beirut amended its constitution in 1990 to embrace the International Bill for Human Rights, thereby paving the way for international human rights to be applied to national legislation. It might be too late for this year's elections, but with enough willingness, greater political participation by Lebanese women could materialise by the 2010 municipal elections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;So long as Lebanon continues to hinder women's rights and prevents women from entering the political process, the country cannot enjoy true democracy. Men and women alike must work to encourage female parliamentarians. If Lebanese women have had the right to die as part of their country's army for the last 18 years, they should also have the right to help formulate the laws that govern every Lebanese citizen, man or woman.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;16 June 2009&lt;br /&gt;By Dalila Mahdawi, CG News&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-3057520073293750882?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/3057520073293750882/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=3057520073293750882' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/3057520073293750882'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/3057520073293750882'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/lebanon-women-want-greater-political.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-5734125471981781845</id><published>2009-11-05T10:38:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-05T10:38:05.443+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;h1 style="color: #ff9900; font-size: 1.3em; font-weight: bolder; letter-spacing: 5px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanon: Women, non-Lebanese children get raw deal&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class="node"&gt;&lt;div class="info"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="content"&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;IRIN&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;July 22, 2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Thousands of children in Lebanon are denied full access to education, healthcare and residency because they do not have Lebanese citizenship.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanese women cannot pass on their nationality to their children and in the event of separation, it is the father who gains automatic custody, according to Lebanese nationality law.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;There is a saying in Lebanon: The only woman you’ll see in parliament is the one wearing black, mourning for the death of her husband or brother, whose political mantle she has inherited.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;In a country famed for being the region’s most socially liberal and politically democratic, just one woman, Bahia Hariri, the sister of slain former premier Rafik Hariri, became a member of Lebanon’s new unity cabinet, announced in early July.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Although Bahia was an MP before her brother's assassination in 2005, women cabinet ministers such as Nayla Moawad, former minister of Social Affairs, or former Industry Minister Leila Solh, joined politics after their husband and father, respectively, died.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Women MPs&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Women were only present in parliamentary life twice between 1952 and 1962 and then not again until three female members of parliament (MPs) won seats in the 1992 elections.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;“Women’s groups are demanding a 35 percent quota in representation in the government, which would allow for issues such as the custody and nationality law to take precedence,” said activist Roula Masri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Women’s groups are demanding a 35 percent quota in representation in the government, which would allow for issues such as the custody and nationality law to take precedence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;In the last Lebanese parliamentary elections in 2005 only three MPs out of 128 were women - far fewer than politically restricted neighbours such as Syria, which had 30 women MPs out of 250; Jordan which had 13 out of 165; and Egypt which had 31 out of 718. Parliamentary elections in Lebanon are due next April.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Women make up about 53 percent of the population - around two million citizens - while research by the Collective for Research and Training on Development Action (CRTDA) found that women aged 23-34 outnumber men by seven to one, because most young men are employed abroad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;While making great strides in the labour force, with women highly visible in sectors such as the media, advertising and design, poor political representation is hampering women’s ability to reform discriminatory laws, say activists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;CRTDA recently re-launched its “Nationality Campaign”, lobbying politicians on the right for women to nationalise their children if marrying non-Lebanese.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nationality law&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;The nationality law was established in 1925 and partially reformed in 1994 in a complex decree.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;According to a 2008 report by the non-governmental organisation (NGO) Frontiers Association, the 1994 amendment allows the child of a Lebanese mother and foreign father to gain Lebanese citizenship after the child's marriage to a Lebanese, and at least five years uninterrupted residency in the country, including one year after marriage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;A more comprehensive reform to the nationality law has become mired in the political issue of the presence of tens of thousands of Syrian workers and 400,000 Palestinian refugees in Lebanon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Some politicians have argued that to allow Lebanese women to nationalise the children they have with non-Lebanese, such as Syrians and Palestinians, would be to shake up the delicate sectarian demographic on which the country’s political system is founded.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;But according to activist Masri, figures from the Interior Ministry from 2001 indicate that only 1,000 Lebanese women are married to foreigners, although she admits these need updating with field research.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;“However, the issue is not about how many women are married to Palestinians, Syrians or other foreigners but that they have to amend this law to highlight that this is a human right," she said.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fewer rights&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;"Lebanese women carry their children for nine months and then the government and society tells us that we don't have a right to them."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Even in simple, everyday tasks, women can find they have fewer rights than men.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Rania Choueiri, a jewellery designer who owns a shop on trendy Monot Street, recounts her story of trying to open a bank account for her son, Karim.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;“They asked me where is his father,” said Rania. “I asked why they need his father when I am his mother and want an account for my son. They told me that only the father can open the account. I couldn’t believe it."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanon’s nationalisation campaign has harnessed social networking website Facebook. A group centred on discussion of the nationality law currently has some 8,000 members.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 0.9em; line-height: 1.4em; text-align: justify;"&gt;"Many Lebanese women abroad have children and would like to return to Lebanon with their families but are prohibited because they are unable to provide legal papers to their families,” said Masri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-5734125471981781845?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/5734125471981781845/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=5734125471981781845' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/5734125471981781845'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/5734125471981781845'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/lebanon-women-non-lebanese-children-get.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-7346912742602049010</id><published>2009-11-05T10:35:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-05T10:35:04.496+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Le Monde Diplomatique</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Luxi sans', 'Lucida sans', 'Lucida Grande', Lucida, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="surlignable"&gt;&lt;div class="cartouche" style="margin-bottom: 1em;"&gt;&lt;div class="crayon article-surtitre-5412 surtitre" style="clear: left; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant: small-caps; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;‘We must focus on survival as a community’&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 class="crayon article-titre-5412 entry-title" style="color: #990000; font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanon’s women lose political ground&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="crayon article-chapo-5412 chapo" style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: justify;"&gt;After Lebanon’s long civil war and political turbulence, involvement in politics still means playing by sectarian rules.  Women’s rights come only after community, religion and cultural identity&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="lesauteurs" style="font-size: 1.2em; font-variant: small-caps; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"&gt;by Don Duncan&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="crayon article-texte-5412 texte entry-content" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times new roman', serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6em;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Women lost out big time in the elections in Lebanon in June&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a class="spip_note" href="http://mondediplo.com/2009/09/14lebanon#nb1" id="nh1" rel="footnote" style="color: #990000; text-decoration: none;" title="See Nicolas Dot-Pouillard, “The odd couple: Hizbullah and the general”, Le (...)"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;). There were a mere six women MPs out of 128 in the Lebanese parliament. Now there are only four. Lina Abou-Habib, director of the Centre for Research and Training on Development Action, says: “It was a major, major setback for women, in terms of representation. But also because the women who do enter parliament do so through patriarchal channels.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanese women were given the vote in 1952 (Israel granted suffrage in 1948 and Syria in 1949). Since then, empowerment has progressed in education and business. Female attendance at Lebanon’s universities has climbed steadily and at the American University of Beirut (AUB) more than half the students are now female. “The trend is moving upwards in terms of numbers, impact, positions they occupy and the rate at which they are entering the world of business,” says George K Naajar, Dean of AUB’s business school. “I think we are moving very fast towards a world of equality, where women are given their due and this is nobody’s favour, they have earned it.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Laws introduced after the end of the civil war in 1990, relaxing restrictions on women entering business, mean there are more female entrepreneurs and more women reaching the upper echelons of the corporate sectors, especially banking and communications. But this has been matched by a regression in politics. With only 3.1% of seats now occupied by women, Lebanon is at the bottom of the table of parliamentary representation of women in the Middle East, down with conservative Gulf states like Oman (none), Yemen (0.3%) and Bahrain (2.7%)&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a class="spip_note" href="http://mondediplo.com/2009/09/14lebanon#nb2" id="nh2" rel="footnote" style="color: #990000; text-decoration: none;" title="Egypt has an even lower female representation than Lebanon’s at only (...)"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;). Whereas neighbouring Syria has 12.4%, Tunisia has 22.8% and Iraq has a 25% quota for women.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;dl class="spip_document_310 spip_documents spip_documents_center" style="clear: both; display: block; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1em; text-align: center; width: 580px;"&gt;&lt;dt style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;img alt="JPEG - 38.4 kb" height="282" src="http://mondediplo.com/2009/09/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH282/strida-a1a1a.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; height: 282px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 500px;" width="500" /&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dt class="crayon document-titre-310 spip_doc_titre" style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: bold; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify; width: 350px;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Minority representation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;&lt;dd class="crayon document-descriptif-310 spip_doc_descriptif" style="clear: both; font-size: 0.9em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify; width: 350px;"&gt;Strida Geagea is pushing for a quota of women MPs to be included in Lebanon’s parliamentary reforms / © Don Duncan&lt;/dd&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanon’s 1975-90 civil war and other domestic tumults slowed political advancement for women: the volatilities of sectarian political culture came before women’s rights. “The issue then was how to help Lebanon and how to save Lebanon from those difficult times. It was all-consuming,” says Strida Geagea, one of Lebanon’s women MPs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Women in Lebanon regularly come to power in mourning clothes, stepping into a seat vacated by an assassinated father or spouse. The newly elected MP Nayla Tueni, 26, is the daughter of Gibran Tueni, a former MP and editor of the daily&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;An Nahar&lt;/i&gt;, who was killed in 2005. Strida Geagea was thrust into politics when her husband, the Christian leader Samir Geagea, was imprisoned for 11&amp;nbsp;years during Syria’s occupation of Lebanon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class="spip" style="font-family: 'Luxi sans', 'Lucida sans', 'Lucida Grande', Lucida, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Hard times&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“Lebanon has passed through extremely difficult times,” said Geagea at her home in east Beirut, among portraits of herself and her husband set against Lebanese flags or mountain landscapes. “And throughout those times, Lebanese women were on the front lines as activists.” Geagea led the campaign for her husband’s release, keeping his incarceration on the political agenda and in the public consciousness. But it was her husband’s name rather than her activism that won her a seat in parliament.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“I think this parliament is as conservative, patriarchal and removed from women’s rights as its predecessors,” said Lina Abou-Habib. “We need more women in parliament. But you have to ask yourself, would the four women elected be there now if they had different family names?” All of them come from political dynasties. Female political engagement also tilts disproportionately to the Christian population, which represents about a third of the country. Only one of the four is Muslim – Bahia Hariri – and she comes from a powerful political family. She is the sister of assassinated former prime minister Rafik Hariri, and aunt to the current prime minister-designate, Saad Hariri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Yet women’s engagement in politics at grass roots and university levels is high. The Christian parties have the highest and fastest-growing numbers of female participation; some parties’ youth branches have female membership rates of up to 40%. “In Lebanon, everything is politics, even in school,” says Yara Boutros, 19, a Christian and a business student at Saint Joseph University in Beirut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;She is a member of the Christian Kataeb Party youth branch and she sits on their university committee: 10&amp;nbsp;people each representing one of Lebanon’s universities. Every Thursday, it meets in a basement room at the Kataeb headquarters in east Beirut. Boutros is one of the two female members. “It’s at this level and that of local activism that there are the most encouraging signs for women,” says Abou-Habib.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class="spip" style="font-family: 'Luxi sans', 'Lucida sans', 'Lucida Grande', Lucida, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"&gt;Sectarian rules&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Even so, getting involved in politics means learning to play by its sectarian rules: community, religion and cultural identity come first. “I’d love to have the same rights as men, but it’s not my goal,” says Boutros. “My identity is first Lebanese, then Christian. I don’t see myself as a woman in political terms. Right now I’m fighting for a country that hasn’t really emerged from war, so before thinking about being a woman or a man, we must focus on survival as a community.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Many of these parties had their roots as militias in the civil war. The Lebanese Forces, a Christian party headed by Strida Geagea’s husband, began as a militia to protect Christians during the war. The Kataeb party, of which Boutros is a member, was founded more than 70&amp;nbsp;years ago but also developed its own militia (the Phalange) during the civil war. While the Taif accords, signed in 1989, ended that war and took guns out of politics, with the exception of Hizbullah, many of these parties are still militaristic in their structure and attitude to gender. “The party was more military than political,” says Ziad Chalhoub, 24, who heads the committee that Boutros sits on. “That affects the role of women in political life: for women don’t have a military tendency.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“We are working on deep reform in the party, and democratisation... to have a Kataeb party that can speak to the younger generation,” says Sami Gemayel, a newly elected MP on the Kataeb party ticket and a graduate of its youth branch. Younger politicians feel compelled to speak of reform and gender equality. But Gemayel embodies the obstacles to change: he is the most recent Gemayel (perhaps Lebanon’s best known political dynasty) to enter politics. His grandfather Pierre founded the Kataeb party in 1932 and his uncle Bashir was president in 1982 before being assassinated (making him an icon among Christians). His father Amine was president from 1982-8 and is now head of the Kataeb party. Sami, who is 29, and Nayla Tueni may bring a progressive rhetoric, but the core of Lebanese politics remains unchanged: patriarchal and nepotistic clan values live on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The only moves for legislative reforms to open real opportunity for women come from a few MPs, among them Geagea. Lebanon’s new government is expected to pass reforms to current electoral law during its four-year mandate and Geagea will push to include a quota for women MPs as part of those reforms. She declined to specify what percentage would be appropriate. (Morocco and Jordan have quotas of 9.2% and 5.5%.) Geagea says that increasing female parliamentary representation cannot happen naturally and forceful measures are now required. “Though this is not the best way to promote women’s rights because it’s a kind of segregation towards them, we have to do it this way for perhaps two parliamentary terms so that people can get used to seeing women in government.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Lebanon’s current political stability could allow progress on the issue of women’s representation. But any increase of tensions or a return to violence would force women’s issues back down the agenda. June’s elections, Lebanon’s most tightly fought ever, proved this. “When the going gets tough, you’re going to get rid of the most disposable,” says Abou-Habib, “and what is disposable in the patriarchal system is women.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-7346912742602049010?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/7346912742602049010/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=7346912742602049010' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/7346912742602049010'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/7346912742602049010'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/le-monde-diplomatique.html' title='Le Monde Diplomatique'/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-4591065150465287411</id><published>2009-11-05T09:32:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-05T09:32:44.770+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif, 'Arial Unicode MS'; font-size: 13px;"&gt;نشيد الخبز والورد&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial, sans-serif, 'Arial Unicode MS'; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;لديك ما يكفيك من خبزٍ،&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ولكن&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ليس ما يكفي جميع الناس&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;والأرض ملأى بالسنابل&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;إنهض&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;وناضل&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;لديك ما يكفيك من حُبٍ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ولكن&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ليس ما يكفي جميع الناس&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;والأرض&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ورد ورسائل&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;إنهض&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;وناضل&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;لديك ما يكفيك من أرض وبيتٍ&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;وليس ما يكفي جميع الناس&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;والأرض&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ملأى بالتراب&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;إنهض وناضل&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;إنهض&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ولا تبقي سجوناً،&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;إنهض&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;ولا تبقي سلاسل&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;كن&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;مشعلاً بين المشاعل&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.palintefada.com/upload/pic/steinkaempfer.jpg" title="" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-4591065150465287411?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/4591065150465287411/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=4591065150465287411' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/4591065150465287411'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/4591065150465287411'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_05.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-1170241402963521323</id><published>2009-11-03T13:06:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-03T13:06:56.521+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; "&gt;&lt;h1 style="text-align: justify;font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; "&gt;Imamat de la femme musulmane - femme imam&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.portail-religion.com/FR/dossier/islam/femme-musulmane/femme-imam.php#liste_des_califes_abbassides" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); text-decoration: underline; "&gt;Les femmes imams&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.portail-religion.com/FR/dossier/islam/femme-musulmane/femme-imam.php#Que_dit_l_islam_sur_les_femmes_imams" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); text-decoration: underline; "&gt;Que dit l'islam sur les femmes imams ?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.portail-religion.com/FR/dossier/islam/femme-musulmane/femme-imam.php#La_fatwa_emise_par_le_Conseil_Superieur_des_Oulemas_CSO_rite_malekite" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); text-decoration: underline; "&gt;La fatwa émise par le Conseil Supérieur des Oulémas CSO (rite malékite)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La dynastie abbasside est la seconde dynastie califienne musulmane qui régna de 749 à 1517. La dynastie est établie à Bagdad jusqu'en 1258, date de la prise de Bagdad par les Mongols. Ensuite, éxilée en Egypte au Caire, la dynastie n'exerce plus qu'un pouvoir nominal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a name="liste_des_califes_abbassides" id="liste_des_califes_abbassides"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Les femmes imams&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;C'est aux Etats-Unis en mars 2005 que Amina Wadud, professeur d’études islamiques à l’Université de Virginie, à dirigé pour la première fois la prière du vendredi en présence de femmes et d'hommes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En Italie Naïma Gohani, une femme d’origine marocaine, dirige une prière mixte dans la mosquée de Colle Val d’Elsa, près de Sienne, en Toscane.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Au Maroc 50 femmes ont été nommées imams par le Royaume du Maroc en Avril 2006, mais ces femmes n'ont pas le droit de diriger la prière.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a name="Que_dit_l_islam_sur_les_femmes_imams"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Que dit l'islam sur les femmes imams ?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Il n'y a pas de verset dans le Coran interdisant à une femme d'être imam et de diriger la prière et il semble qu'il n'y ait pas de consensus de savants de l'islam su ce sujet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pour la grande majorité des musulmans, une femme ne peut pas diriger une prière mixte. C'est ce que pense par exemple de Mohamed Sayed Tantaoui, Grand Cheïkh d’Al Azhar (Caire, Egypte), le Cheïkh Kardhaoui, Omar Abou Namous, responsable religieux au Centre Culturel islamique à New York...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Pourtant on entend quelques voix s'élever :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;D'après un article publié sur realites.com : "Pour le Grand Mufti d’Egypte, le Cheïkh Ali Jomaa il n’y a pas de consensus interdisant à la femme de diriger la prière. S’il y a des hommes qui acceptent d’être dirigés par une femme, toujours en matière de prière, qu’ils le fassent. Pour lui une femme peut même être Mufti (la plus haute autorité en matière de jurisprudence religieuse)".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Toujours d'après realites.com, "Abou Thaour et le grand exégète et historiographe Tabari ont autorisé l’Imamat de la femme dans l’absolu (c’est-à-dire pour les hommes et les femmes)".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;De même Ibn Arabi aurait accepté l'imamat des femmes pour diriger la prière mixte car pour lui la perfection de l’âme humaine serait accessible aux deux sexes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(204, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a name="La_fatwa_emise_par_le_Conseil_Superieur_des_Oulemas_CSO_rite_malekite"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;La fatwa émise par le Conseil Supérieur des Oulémas CSO (rite malékite)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Suite à une demande fin mai 2006 par le ministère des Habous et des Affaires islamiques du Maroc auprès du CSO, le Conseil Supérieur des Oulémas, d'émettre une fatwa sur la conduite de la prière par les femmes selon le rite malékite, le CSO à annoncé le 26 mai 2006 que la femme n'était pas habilité à conduire la prière. Voilà quelques précisions du site &lt;a href="http://www.lematin.ma/Journal/Article.asp?id=natio&amp;amp;ida=61381" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); text-decoration: underline; "&gt;http://www.lematin.ma/Journal/Article.asp?id=natio&amp;amp;ida=61381&lt;/a&gt; :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;"L'on peut, à cet égard, citer Cheikh Abou Mohamed Abdellah Ibn Abou Zeid Al Kairaouani qui dit : «la femme ne doit pas diriger la prière -qu'elle soit obligatoire ou surérogatoire- des hommes ou des femmes», Al Hafed Ibn Abdelbar : «la femme n'est pas habilitée à diriger la prière», l'imam Al Maziri : «l'imamat de la femme est nul chez nous, quiconque prie derrière elle est tenu de refaire sa prière, même si le temps qui lui est imparti est dépassé», cheikh Khalil : «une prière dirigée par une femme est nulle» ou encore ses propos dans l'ouvrage de la voie la plus proche au rite malékite : «L'Islam et la condition de l'imamat qui doit être dirigée par une personne de sexe masculin. De ce fait, la prière est nulle derrière une femme» ."&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Le CSO souligne que la prière de la femme doit s'effectuer à basse voix et non à voix haute. Or diriger la prière nécessite de parler à voix haute. Il souligne également que la femme ne peut pas non plus diriger la prière des femmes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bordercolor="#000000" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bordercolor="#FFFFFF" style="text-align: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: top; "&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Traduction de la fatwa par l'agence MAP et publiée sur le site &lt;a href="http://www.lematin.ma/Journal/Article.asp?id=natio&amp;amp;ida=61381" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); text-decoration: underline; "&gt;http://www.lematin.ma/Journal/Article.asp?id=natio&amp;amp;ida=61381&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;«En réponse à une requête du ministère des Habous et des Affaires islamiques parvenue au Secrétariat général du Conseil supérieur des ouléma sur le point de vue de la Chariâa en ce qui concerne l'habilité de la femme à diriger la prière et sur la question de savoir si elle y est autorisée ou non».&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Après examen de la question par l'Instance de l'Ifta, et après avoir passé en revue les points de vue des savants de la jurisprudence malékite à ce sujet, notre réponse est la suivante :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le Maroc a choisi le rite de l'imam de Dar Al Hijra, Malek Ibn Anas, que Dieu ait son âme, depuis la constitution de l'Etat marocain.&lt;br /&gt;Ce choix, fondé sur les bases de la Chariâa qui, elles-mêmes, tiraient leur substance du Livre Saint et de la Sounna, est un facteur de cohésion et d'union des Marocains et de leur unicité rituelle à travers les époques.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le rite malékite s'est orienté vers ce qui est généralement admis, à savoir que la femme n'est pas habilitée à diriger la prière tel que l'enseignent les propos des imams du rite, toutes époques confondues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;L'on peut, à cet égard, citer Cheikh Abou Mohamed Abdellah Ibn Abou Zeid Al Kairaouani qui dit : «la femme ne doit pas diriger la prière -qu'elle soit obligatoire ou surérogatoire- des hommes ou des femmes», Al Hafed Ibn Abdelbar : «la femme n'est pas habilitée à diriger la prière», l'imam Al Maziri : «l'imamat de la femme est nul chez nous, quiconque prie derrière elle est tenu de refaire sa prière, même si le temps qui lui est imparti est dépassé», cheikh Khalil : «une prière dirigée par une femme est nulle» ou encore ses propos dans l'ouvrage de la voie la plus proche au rite malékite : «L'Islam et la condition de l'imamat qui doit être dirigée par une personne de sexe masculin. De ce fait, la prière est nulle derrière une femme» .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En considérant que la prière ne peut être dirigée par une femme, les adeptes du rite malékite ne font que se référer à la conduite des gens d'Al Madina. Si la femme était autorisée à diriger la prière des femmes, cela aurait conduit inéluctablement à leur isolement, et n'auraient, de ce fait, plus besoin d'être associées aux hommes dans les mosquées où la possibilité leur est donnée de suivre la prédication et de participer aux œuvres pies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;D'ailleurs, la Mosquée du Prophète Sidna Mohammed, que la prière et la bénédiction divines soient sur Lui, accueillait nombre de femmes qui accomplissaient la prière en même temps que les hommes. Souvent, le Prophète, que la prière et la bénédiction divines soient sur Lui, s'adressait exclusivement à elles pour leur prodiguer ses conseils, leur enjoindre de faire l'aumône et acceptait d'elles la Baiâa des femmes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Quant à la direction par la femme de la prière des hommes, la jurisprudence islamique est unanime à la proscrire, en raison des modifications que cela entraînerait pour le rituel de la prière, sachant que la prière de la femme doit s'accomplir à basse voix, une obligation qui, si elle est appliquée à une prière devant s'effectuer à haute voix, la rendrait incomplète.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En outre, la direction par la femme de la prière supposerait immanquablement qu'elle se place à l'avant et qu'elle change de position dans la configuration de la prière collective.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;De plus, il n'a jamais été prouvé, que ce soit dans l'Histoire du Maroc ou chez ses ouléma, qu'une femme ait dirigé à la mosquée la prière des hommes ou des femmes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;C'est là une tradition perpétuée par les habitants de ce paisible pays et consacrée à travers les temps. Que la femme ne dirige pas la prière n'enlève rien à sa valeur, ni à sa place. Il y va plutôt d'une décision fondée sur d'autres obligations, dont certaines ont été susmentionnées.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En rendant cette Fatwa, le Conseil supérieur des ouléma tranche toute divergence à laquelle donneraient lieu des interprétations et des discussions à son sujet.&lt;br /&gt;«Dieu nous guide sur la voie de la sagesse et sur le droit chemin".&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-1170241402963521323?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/1170241402963521323/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=1170241402963521323' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/1170241402963521323'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/1170241402963521323'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/imamat-de-la-femme-musulmane-femme-imam.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-7627929291494315854</id><published>2009-11-02T13:03:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T13:05:17.777+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;رش المقدس، الدين في الثقافة والثقافة في الدين" لعبد الهادي عبد الرحمن&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;أعــطــــوا مــا لـلــعــقــل لـلــعــقــل ومــا لــقــيــصــر لــقــيــصــر&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table border="1" align="left" width="160" id="table20" bordercolor="#FFFFFF" cellspacing="3" style="text-align: right;font-size: 10pt; font-family: arial; "&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="160" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); "&gt;&lt;img onmouseover="this.style.cursor='pointer'" src="http://annahar.com/media/images/Mon_pix/adab/p18-05-23863.jpg" width="160" border="0" onclick="window.open('media/high_res/Mon_pix/adab/p18-05-23863.jpg','','scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,width=290,height= 290')" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;لزمن ماض، كان المقدس مرتبطا ارتباطا كليا بالدين ومبادئه وقيمه وطقوسه الاساسية اللازمة لادائه. لكن في العقود الماضية وحتى عصرنا الراهن، وخصوصا في المجتمعات العربية والاسلامية، توسع مفهوم المقدس ليشمل الكثير من مظاهر الحياة المادية والسلوكية، بحيث بات يصعب التمييز بين المقدس الفعلي والمقدس الشكلي. تكتسب اهمية التصدي لتقديس كل ما هو مقدس اهمية كبيرة في زمننا الحالي في ظل تصاعد الحركات الاصولية وانبعاث العودة الى الدين الشكلي، حيث ينطوي إحلال المقدس خارج موقعه الديني،   على أخطار فعلية في سوء الاستخدام، وعلى تبرير للعنف ضد الآخر بحجة المس بمقدساته. يتحول المقدس قوة فاعلة وقوية عندما يصبح رمزيات تختزل الطقوس الدينية، مما يجعلها غير خاضعة للنقد والاعتراض وحتى للتحليل، وهذا ما يجعل هذه الرمزيات تملك قدرة على اختراق الازمنة التاريخية. وهي قاعدة لا ينفرد فيها الدين الاسلامي، بقدر ما تشكل قاعدة تقوم في قلب جميع الاديان، توحيدية أكانت ام غير توحيدية. يقدم عبد الهادي عبد الرحمن في كتابه "عرش المقدس، الدين في الثقافة والثقافة في الدين" الصادر عن "دار الطليعة" في بيروت، قراءة للمقدس وموقعه والادوار التي يقوم بها في مجمل حياة الانسان. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;يرى عبد الرحمن ان "المقدس ليس الديني فقط (وإن كانت جذوره دينية)، وانما المقدس يكمن حتى في عاداتنا اليومية واعتقاداتنا، في تفاؤلنا وتشاؤمنا، في النظم التي تحكمنا والطرق التي نحكم بها، في العلاقات ضمن العمل وفي العائلة، وحتى في المؤسسة الزوجية، وفي البديهيات والمسلمات والحكايا". لكن مهما تعددت تنويعات المقدس، الا ان الجانب الديني يظل يشكل "الحلقة المركزية" فيه. يحتل الدين موقعا اساسيا في الحياة الخاصة والاجتماعية للانسان كفرد وللمجموع عموماً، من حيث تحكّم القوة الدينية الرمزية في مصير الانسان. يورد عبد الرحمن تعريفا لعالم الاجتماع الفرنسي دوركهايم يحدد فيه الدين بما "هو نظام توحيدي لتصورات الاعتقاد وحوادثه والذي يوجه نفسه نحو اشياء مقدسة، بمعنى اشياء فصّلت وحرّمت، تصورات اعتقادية وحوادث توحد من يعطي الحلول للبشر في مجتمع اخلاقي قد يسمّى الكنيسة... وهذه القوة التي يلجأ اليها المؤمنون ليست مجرد طاقات فيزيقية بسيطة تحل محل الحواس او الخيال، وانما هي قوى اجتماعية، اي ان المقدس بطريقة ما هو عبادة المجتمع لنفسه".&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;يتدخل الدين في كل مناحي الحياة البشرية وتشمل ابعاده ميادين واسعة، فالدين يحمل بعدا اجتماعيا من حيث تأثيره في المجتمع وتأثره به، ويحمل بعدا معرفيا استنادا الى ما يحويه من بعد عقائدي يطرح قضايا الوجود والماورائيات والغيبيات، ويحمل بعدا عاطفيا يتجلى في المشاعر الانسانية والاستجابة لمسائل الايمان والخشوع، ويحمل بعدا حدثيا تاريخيا في كون كل دين يقدم تاريخا ووقائع لمساره وتموضعه في التاريخ والجغرافيا، ويحمل بعدا اسطوريا من خلال الرمزيات التي يجسدها والتصورات التي يحملها، ويحمل بعدا اخلاقيا من خلال الارشادات والتعاليم التي يدعو البشر الى التزامها، ويحمل بعدا طقوسيا حيث يتجلى في كل حدث ديني مهما يكن حجمه، ويحمل بعدا عقائديا حيث يقول الدين الاشياء التي يرى ان المؤمنين يجب ان يعتنقوها، ويتجلى في العادات والتقاليد البشرية والسلوك الحياتي على غرار مسألة الختان والمظاهر الحياتية الاخرى. انطلاقا من هذه الابعاد يمكن وصف الدين وفق تعابير عبد الرحمن بأنه "المشروع الانساني الذي يُبنى به كون مقدس، او بكلمات اخرى هو بناء كون في اطار مقدس، والمقدس هنا قوة ذات صفات سرية وهائلة خارج الانسان، لكنها تتعلق به، والتي يعتقد أنها تقطن موضوعات محددة الخبرة... كل البنى المسماة مقدسة  صممت لتحفظ من القوى الخطرة، ولذا يضفي الانسان على العالم الخارجي المعنى، وبالكون المقدس تتحقق المعجزة والمثال الالهي".&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;يجد المقدس في العصر الحديث تجلياته في قضيتين مهمتين. الاولى، تتصل بالمقاومة التي ترفعها الحركات الاصولية الاسلامية في وجه من تراهم اخصام الاسلام. والثانية، في انبعاث الهويات اكانت دينية ام غير دينية، وتحولها حركات سياسية لا تخلو ايضا من العنف في سعيها الى تحقيق اهدافها. تضفي الحركات الاصولية القداسة على ممارساتها الارهابية التي تطال المجتمعات العربية والاسلامية او مجتمعات الغرب، بأن نضالها انما هو تحقيق لمقولات الجهاد التي قال بها النص القرآني، والتي تخلى المسلمون في العصور الحديثة عن القيام بها، وهذا ما تسبب بتخلّفهم وتقهقرهم وفق شروح هذه الحركات. ولما كانت هذه المقاومة مستندة الى النص الديني الاساسي، فان قدسيتها محسومة ولا جدال في ذلك. هذا التشبث بالمقدس العنفي  يغيّب مسألة رئيسية في ان هذه النصوص نزلت في زمان ومكان في التاريخ لم تعد له صلة بالحاضر، مما يجعل هذه الآيات خارج الزمن الحقيقي، وتالياً تصبح غير ذات موضوع.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;اما المقدس الآخر فهو الذي يترجم نفسه بانبعاث الهويات والعصبيات القومية والعشائرية والطائفية والدينية. لا ترى هذه الهويات نفسها قادرة على التعايش مع بعضها، بل يسودها منطق الاستئثار والتسلط. ومن اجل تحقيق مبادئها لا ترى افضل من اضفاء القداسة على افكارها وتوجهاتها، مما يشحن حاملي الافكار بقوة ينجدل فيها الديني والرمزي بالسلطوي، فتتولد حالة من التعصب ورفض الآخر واستخدام كل الوسائل المشروعة وغير المشروعة لاستئصاله.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;تبدو آلية المقدس متشابهة لدى جميع الاديان والشعوب الحاملة لها، ويبدو المقدس كلي القدرة في مسائل الايمان والاعتقاد، لكن الخطورة تكمن في ان الانسان الساعي الى تجاوز ما بات يعتبر مقدسا في مجتمعه، معرض للطرد من جنة هذه الجماعة. فمن يرفض تقديس القبيلة او الوطن معرض للاتهام بالخيانة والمروق والارتداد. الخطورة الكبرى عندما يرفض أحدهم قدسية الدين وطقوسه، فقد يعرضه ذلك للوصم بالكفر بكل ما يعنيه ذلك من نتائج. هكذا يصبح المقدس عنوانا للتحجر المتعدد المستوى، وقهرا للحرية الفردية وأسر الفرد في قالب حديد ومنعه من حقه في الاختيار والسلوك.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;خالد غزال&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-7627929291494315854?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/7627929291494315854/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=7627929291494315854' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/7627929291494315854'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/7627929291494315854'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post_02.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-1125529747797730468</id><published>2009-11-02T12:59:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T13:02:56.934+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 17px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;p align="center" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;نحو رؤية استراتيجية لبنانية تشكل جسراً بين آسيا والغرب&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;باريس – من غسان تويني:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;هل تستمر الانتخابات اللبنانية "بلدية" في عهدة الرقابة الأوروبية التي أودعتنا صناديق اقتراع "رمزية" الشفافية حتى يرى كل ناخب منا كيف ان الورقة التي كتب عليها اسماً لن يفسح أمامه في مجال ممارستها.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;... وتظل الاسماء مسمّرة في مكانها تنتظر ان تصنّف في الاستفتاء التي يريدونها ان تصير التعبير الدولي عنه الاكثرية "الحاكمة" التي ترعاها واشنطن بكثير من الخفر وهي تشدّها الى قمة غربية التوجه تريدها ان تكون موئل سلام الشرق الذي تمنع اسرائيل قيامه باستمرارها في معارضة دولة للفلسطينيين تشارك في قدسٍ غير مقتسمة تكون عاصمة الدولتين معاً، والعاصمة العالمية لكل الديانات السماوية.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;•••&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;في نظرنا، لبنان هو الدولة العربية المؤهلة عضوياً بل كيانياً لأن تكون منطلق هذه الرؤية الاستراتيجية التي تنادي أوروبا لبنان لتعهدها توثيقاً لانتسابه الاوروبي. ووحده لبنان اذا فعل يمكنه ان يدعو في المقابل الى التجاوب مع القمة "الآسيوية" التي تدعو اليها ايران وترعاها موسكو باليد اليسرى وتحويلها من قمة حرب الى قمة تكامل السلام باستيعاب "حزبية الله" وتحويلها من الحرب على مؤمنين بالله اياه انما بغير تحزب، مما يمكّن القمة الآسيوية هذه من محاولة احتضان الموقف الباكستاني الداعي حتى بالعنف الى منع استمرار وانتشار الارهاب الاسلامي و"الطالبانية" كما لا احد ... غير الجبهة الباكستانية وامتداداتها الاستراتيجية المعلنة وغير المعلنة.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;•••&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;ماذا يمنع بيروت من أن تتجرأ وتفاتح وزير خارجية الروسيا عندما يزورنا، إن لم تقنعه بالعدول عن زيارتنا، لسبب من عندياتها، ثم تبيع ذلك لواشنطن التي قد يناسبها الأمر في مقابل ثمن سوري ما!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;غسان تويني&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:ghs@annahar.com.lb" style="text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:ghs@annahar.com.lb" style="text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;ghs@annahar.com.lb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-1125529747797730468?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/1125529747797730468/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=1125529747797730468' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/1125529747797730468'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/1125529747797730468'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-8707048823566569113</id><published>2009-11-02T12:55:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T12:55:25.049+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "&gt;&lt;table id="topHeaderTable" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td width="100%" colspan="1"&gt;&lt;table id="topContentTable" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="top" width="100%"&gt;&lt;table id="ViewArticleTable" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;div class="bigArticleText" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; margin-right: 10px; "&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Ce texte est la deuxième partie de l'article &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;amp;aid=11318" target="_new" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Les tribulations de la presse libanaise; de référence journalistique au contorsionnement mercantile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;«Al-Hayat» et «A-Nahar»: Deux cas types du journalisme libanais, deux facettes d’une même politique, le premier et le deuxième degré de la diplomatie américaine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;a id="more5199245" name="more5199245" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A. Al-Hayat et sa rivalité avec le journal panarabe «Al Qods Al-Arabi»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.arabictype.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/al-hayat.jpg" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fleuron de la presse arabe, Al Hayat (la vie) est une parfaite illustration du journalisme sponsorisé, une pratique assez répandue dans le monde arabe mais que ce quotidien a érigé en art au point de gommer les circonstances de sa naissance et les conditions de sa survie pour se poser au niveau international en organe de référence du journalisme moderniste arabe à connotation libérale. Fondé en 1946 par le journaliste chiite libanais Kamel Mroueh, «Al-Hayat», fait notable, est l’unique journal arabe à n’avoir jamais varié dans son allégeance totale et absolue à la dynastie wahhabite. Son histoire se confond d’ailleurs avec les contorsions de la vie politique du Moyen-Orient de la deuxième moitié du XX me siècle, dont il en subira les contrecoups. Appliquant à la lettre sa devise “Al-Hayat Akida Wa Jihad” «La vie est un combat à principes», le quotidien sera un instrument de combat de la guerre froide, partie prenante aux conflits interarabes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Pendant vingt ans (1946-1966), une époque marquée par la vague indépendantiste qui a déferlé sur le Monde arabe après la perte de la Palestine en 1948 et la nationalisation du pétrole iranien par Mossadegh en 1953, «Al-Hayat» fera office de paratonnerre du mécontentement anti-occidental. Emargeant d’abord sur le budget de l’IPC (Iraq Petroleum Cy) et de la monarchie hachémite du temps où son co-religionnaire chiite Fadl Al-Jamali présidait aux destinées de la diplomatie irakienne, «Al-Hayat» vivra ensuite des subsides publicitaires de la compagnie pétrolière saoudo américaine ARAMCO. Il canalisera dans ce but la flambée xénophobe et procommuniste au profit de ses deux immuables bienfaiteurs, la Monarchie saoudienne et son allié américain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Depuis Beyrouth, haut lieu de la contestation arabe, le journal distillera quotidiennement dans des éditoriaux signés du pseudonyme arabe de Karim, informations et contre informations puisées auprès des spécialistes américains de la guerre psychologique. A contre-courant du sentiment populaire arabe «Al-Hayat» mènera au nom des valeurs de l’Islam un combat sans relâche contre l’athéisme et le communisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Au nom de l’anti-colonialisme, mais pour le compte des Américains, il stigmatisera d’un même ton Français et Anglais, à l’époque Maître d’oeuvre de la politique occidentale au Moyen-Orient, responsabilité dont ils seront dessaisis après l’équipée franco-britannique de Suez, en 1956, et la guerre d’Algérie. Il ne soufflera mot, toutefois, de l’alliance stratégique soudant l’Amérique, le parrain des pétromonarchies du Golfe, à Israël, l’ennemi commun des Arabes. La somme des éditoriaux de cette période représente les multiples facettes d’un “discours sur la servitude volontaire” à l’égard de la Monarchie saoudienne et de son protecteur américain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;L’argument majeur développé à l’époque pour justifier le choix éditorial en faveur d’un alignement inconditionnel sur la politique saoudo américaine a été le caractère anti-colonial de l’Amérique et sa capacité de pression sur Israël. L’argument contraire selon lequel l’Amérique tirait justification de la force de frappe israélienne, qu’elle nourrissait, pour faire fléchir les Arabes et maintenir son emprise sur leurs ressources énergétiques avait valeur de pensée sacrilège.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Ultra minoritaire à l’apogée de l’ère nassérienne, Kamel Mroueh paiera de sa vie le prix de cette casuistique: En 1966 qui marque le dixième anniversaire de “l’agression tripartite israélo franco-britannique” contre le Canal de Suez, alors qu’Israël entreprenait le détournement des eaux du Jourdain et que la «Ligue Anticommuniste Mondiale» était mise sur pied pour faire pièce au bloc soviétique, Mroueh, le pourfendeur du communisme en terre arabe et chantre de la cause saoudienne, était assassiné par des fiers à bras de Beyrouth. Le nom d’Ibrahim Koleilat a été cité comme faisant partie du groupe des justiciers. Un de ses proches compagnons, Adnane Chaker Sultani, sera convaincu du crime et incarcéré à Beyrouth. IL ne retrouvera la liberté qu'en 1975 à la faveur de la guerre du Liban, le jour où les factions libanaises à la recherche de demi-soldes prendront d’assaut les prisons libanaises pour enrôler dans leurs rangs des repris de justice pour défendre leur cause.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Quant à Ibrahim Koleilat, en sa qualité de Chef des Mourabitoun, la formation paramilitaire sunnite, il sera une des vedettes de la coalition palestino progressiste durant la guerre civile libanaise. Après sa prestation, Koleilat s’exilera dans le sud de l’Europe, loin du Liban et de ses tumultueuses déconvenues.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;La veuve de Kamel Mroueh, Salma, tentera, elle, de prendre la relève mais renoncera faute d’expérience. Le journal cessera de paraître pendant toute la guerre du Liban. Près de vingt ans. A l’heure de la grande explication interarabe, marquée par le voyage du président égyptien Anouar el-Sadate à Jérusalem (1977), la première Intifada palestinienne (1987), la guerre irako iranienne et leurs répercussions sur le théâtre libanais, «Al-Hayat» sera muet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Un mutisme qui traduisait l’embarras de ses parrains redoutant la colère populaire cristallisée par le soulèvement palestinien contre l’occupation israélienne et la montée en puissance des fondamentalistes illustrée, coup sur coup, par l’avènement de la Révolution Islamique en Iran, en 1979, par l’assaut contre la Mecque lancé par des opposants saoudiens à l’occasion du pèlerinage annuel aux Lieux Saints et par l’assassinat de Sadate en 1981.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Après une éclipse de 20 ans, Al-Hayat refait surface en 1988-89, une période charnière de l’histoire du monde arabo-musulman marquée sur le plan régional par l’implosion de l’Union soviétique et l’ouverture des Républiques musulmanes d’Asie centrale au jeu diplomatique régional, et, sur le plan européen, par la prise de conscience politique de la population arabo-maghrébine, la «troisième génération» issue de l’immigration. Sous la houlette de Jihad Al-Khazen, ancien collaborateur de Kamel Mroueh, «Al-Hayat» se rode pendant deux ans après une longue hibernation, puisant son équipe dans le vivier constitué par son rival traditionnel, le quotidien libanais «An-Nahar».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Dans le prolongement de la stratégie saoudienne, «Al-Hayat» donne sa pleine mesure durant la première du guerre du Golfe (1990-1991). Depuis Londres, son nouveau siège, il participe activement au débat sur le nouvel ordre international et la faillite des idées nationalistes, allumant au besoin des contre-feux face à ce qu’il considère être la subversion islamiste. Passé sous le contrôle du Prince Khaled Ben Sultan, fils du ministre saoudien de la Défense et chef des troupes saoudiennes au sein de la coalition anti-irakienne, «Al-Hayat» recrute au prix fort les plus en vue des intellectuels de la diaspora arabe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Luxe suprême, il s’offre même au titre de collaborateur régulier un membre du gouvernement russe, Victor Possouvaliouk, vice-ministre chargé du département du Proche et du Moyen-Orient au ministère soviétique des Affaires étrangères. Sa résurrection sonne alors comme une revanche. Sa notoriété, grande, est sans rapport avec sa diffusion. Journal de l’élite arabophone et des spécialistes occidentaux des affaires arabes, «Al-Hayat» devient la traditionnelle courroie de transmission des revendications des islamistes algériens soucieux d’emprunter un vecteur véhiculant leurs revendications dans leur langue d’origine et n’altérant pas leur pensée.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;C’est l’âge d’or du journal «Al-Hayat», une décennie prodigieuse (1990-2000) durant laquelle la publication se hissera au premier rang de la presse arabe pour la recension de ses articles au niveau international, une période où le «Courrier International», hebdomadaire de l’élite francophone, répercutera régulièrement ses analyses et éditoriaux sans qu’il ait été possible de déterminer si ce phénomène d’osmose relevait de la sympathie intellectuelle ou de l’empathie familiale. Le chantre de la modernisation selon le schéma wahhabite sera atteint de plein fouet, en plein vol, par le raid anti-américain du 11 septembre 2001. En 35 ans d’existence, ce journal n’aura jamais, pas une seule fois, même de manière partielle, même de manière incidente, émis la moindre critique encore moins répercuté la moindre critique à l’égard du Royaume saoudien. Il n’aura jamais rendu compte, non plus, même dans un entrefilet des scandales les plus criants de la famille royale saoudienne y compris le narcotrafic saoudien.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Ce journal-là navigue désormais à contre-courant, affligé d’un déficit chronique moyen de l’ordre de quinze millions de dollars par an régulièrement épongé pour les besoins de la cause par son parrain saoudien . Il tente laborieusement de se démarquer de son attitude de béatification permanente à l’égard de l’absolutisme saoudien, tentant de convaincre et de se convaincre du bien fondé de son soutien inconditionnel et absolu au wahhabisme intégral et au néo-conservatisme américain, en pleine déconfiture militaire en Afghanistan et en Irak et en état de dérèglement financier.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Un délicat exercice d’équilibrisme qui le conduit quotidiennement à de douloureux contorsionnements intellectuels, qui lui vaudra la désaffection d’écrivains de renom. Un exercice d’autant plus délicat qu’«Al-Hayat» sera un des viviers du nouveau dispositif médiatique arabophone mis sur pied par les Etats-Unis pour la conquête de l’opinion arabe après leur invasion de l’Irak, avec le choix de Mouwaffak Harb, journaliste libanais de confession chiite, ancien assistant des chaînes américaines à Beyrouth, correspondant d’«Al-Hayat» à Washington comme premier directeur de sa nouvelle génération de vecteur arabophone: Radio Sawa (ensemble) et la chaîne de télévision Hurra (Libre).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Caution palestinienne du journal, Jihad Al-Khazen abandonnera ses fonctions après l’invasion américaine de l’Irak en 2003 non sans avoir rendu un ultime service à ses parrains saoudo américains. Calfeutré dans sa luxueuse résidence londonienne à l’abri du risque et du besoin, Khazen, ce palestinien d’extraction, libanais d’éducation, pétro monarchique d’inclinaison par ses options politiques et matérielles, réclamera la démission, non du trublion libyen ou des gérontocrates du Golfe, tous les fossoyeurs de la cause nationale arabe, mais la démission de Yasser Arafat, le chef assiégé du mouvement palestinien, le symbole de sa résistance nationale, la légende vivante du combat arabe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Sa prescription saugrenue intervenue le 18 mai 2004 au lendemain de la destruction du camp palestinien de Rafah par l’aviation israélienne, moins d’un mois après les assassinats extrajudiciaires des chefs charismatiques du mouvement islamique palestinien Hamas, Cheikh Ahmad Yacine et Abdel Aziz Al-Rantissi lui vaudra de la part de l’étoile montante du journalisme arabe, l’éditorialiste vedette d’«Al-Qods Al-Arabi», Abdel Bari Atwane, un rappel à l’ordre déontologique sur les règles élémentaires de la décence dans le combat politique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Dans un ultime sursaut de dignité, un sentiment qui se produit généralement quand s’achève la route, Jihad Al-Khazen regrettera dans ses derniers éditoriaux son soutien à la politique de l’administration néo-conservatrice. Il s’en, littéralement, «mordra les doigts » regrettant tous les prédécesseurs de Bush jr même les plus hostiles à la cause arabe dans un éditorial du 25 avril 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Cette autocritique en guise de solde de tout compte ne lui épargnera pas, tant à lui qu’à travers lui son journal, les rigueurs de jugement d’un des observateurs les plus avisés de la vie politique arabe: «Al-Hayat Akida wa Jihad - Laken Al Hayat Saîmat Min Jihad» qui pourrait se traduire ainsi «La vie est un combat à principes mais le journal, lui, aura été affligé par la présence à sa tête d’un combattant du calibre de Jihad Al-Khazen», assurera la mémoire vivante du journalisme arabe, Nasser Eddine Nachachibi, retournant la devise du journal contre son directeur (4). «Al-Hayat» brille toujours de sa gloire passée, mais son éclat pâtit désormais du prestige de son rival impécunieux «Al-Qods-Al-Arabi».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Se présentant comme l’antithèse d’«AL-Hayat», ce journal paraissant à Londres est dirigé par un parfait connaisseur du monde arabe et musulman, au nationalisme entier, à l’indépendance affirmée, à l’autorité confirmée, très prisé de surcroît pour la pertinence de ses analyses par les auditeurs de BBC-TV World service. Non un journaliste de bureau, ni un journaliste de salon, pas plus qu’un intellectuel médiatique, mais un journaliste de terrain, l’un des rares journalistes au monde à avoir rencontré personnellement Oussama Ben Laden, le chef du mouvement panislamique «Al-Qaîda» dans son refuge montagneux d’Afghanistan. L’homme a conféré à son journal un titre «Al-Qods Al-Arabi» (Jérusalem arabe) qui retentit comme un manifeste, qui constitue par excellence le thème mobilisateur absolu des Arabes et des Musulmans et rappelle la permanence de leur revendication inaliénable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;La fonction critique qu’il exerce, la contestation du nouvel ordre mondial résultant des guerres du XXI me siècle, sa percussion des pulsions profondes du monde arabe et non la reproduction de son schéma aseptisé à travers le prisme déformant saoudo américain, la lecture fractale qu’il donne de l’actualité, lui ont valu la perte des marchés publicitaires du Golfe et la limitation de son tirage, mais au delà de ce handicap matériel, le journal a réussi à supplanter son rival pétro monarchique, obtenant de haute lutte le ralliement à ses colonnes des intellectuels de notoriété mondiale, tel Edward Saïd, le prestigieux penseur arabe contemporain et la reconnaissance du titre envié de journal de référence de l’élite arabophone de l’ensemble euro arabe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;B . La parenthèse d’«Al-Hiwar» (dialogue):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;«Al-Hiwar», moins connu, son influence, plus diffuse, n’en était moins pernicieuse. Halé du drapeau de modernité, le rôle de cet organe souterrain de la CIA à l’existence éphémère (1955-1966) sera pourtant primordiale sur les élites intellectuelles de Beyrouth à l’époque haut lieu de la contestation panarabe.&lt;br /&gt;Fondé en 1955, l’année de la conclusion du Pacte de Bagdad, l’alliance des Monarchies arabes et des puissances militaires musulmanes non arabes, le mensuel, démasqué, se sabordera en 1966, l’année de l’assassinat de Kamel Mroueh au dixième anniversaire de l’équipée israélo européenne contre Nasser, après avoir été dénoncé comme le «Cheval de Troie» de la politique américaine dans la zone. Les milieux nationalistes arabes demanderont son boycott, l’accusant de tenter par la corruption des élites et par le biais d’une vie culturelle mondaine factice de dévoyer les esprits. Il lui sera très précisément reproché de «propager des théories pernicieuses en distribuant de l’argent ici et là, en créant des publications attrayantes, en donnant de grandes réceptions et conférences» .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Pour le triomphe de ses idées, la CIA débloquera près de 450.000 dollars entre 1961-1964 en vue de financer ses menées au Moyen-Orient. En vue de dissimuler l’origine de ses fonds, elle procédera à une opération de blanchiment avant l’heure, faisant transiter ses subventions via la «Fondation David, Josephine et Winfield Baird» de New York.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A une époque où le salaire d’un député libanais s’élevait à mille livres libanaises (300 dollars), le plus haut de l’échelle sociale, et que le salaire minimum libanais atteignait à peine 220 livres (74 dollars), les débours financiers des officines américaines paraissent avoir été affectés en priorité non à la subvention du denier du culte, mais à des causes plus valorisantes particulièrement le soutien au train de vie de membres éminents de la communauté journalistique libanaise et arabe dont bon nombre cultivaient avec art «le complexe du drogman», du titre de ces fameux intermédiaires auprès des chancelleries occidentales qui revendiquaient cette fonction comme un «trophée», un signe de distinction sociale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Bon nombre d’entre eux d’ailleurs ont payé de leur vie les incertitudes de cette activité lucrative mais aléatoire. Le lancement d’«Al-Hiwar» en octobre 1955 retentit pourtant comme une claironnade avec un plaidoyer de l’italien Ignazio Silone sur l’indépendance de l’écrivain et l’autonomie de l’art. Des thèmes déjà popularisés par «le Congrès pour la Culture et la Liberté en Europe », organe souterrain de la CIA américaine dans sa guerre idéologique contre le marxisme prosoviétique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Des thèmes qui convergeront furieusement avec le manifeste des jeunes poètes arabes cosignés deux ans plus tard dans la revue «Al-Shii’r» (La Poésie-1957) et qui irrigueront ensuite par capillarité le quotidien libanais «An-Nahar». Le fondement idéologique du «Congrès pour la Culture et la liberté» reposait sur un axiome simpliste selon lequel «l’art moderne constituait un symbole de liberté» contrairement à l’art ancien surchargé de scories du passé, une façon de damer le pion à la culture russe récupérée par le communisme soviétique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Partant de ces considérations, le Congrès recommandait de privilégier à l’esthétique figurative, jugée passéiste, l’expressionnisme abstrait. Influencé par les surréalistes dont le poète libanais Youssef El-Khal traduira en langue arabe les oeuvres d’André Breton et Antonin Arthaud, le manifeste fondateur des jeunes poètes arabes visait précisément à procéder à une réévaluation critique de la poésie arabe et à la libérer de ses pesanteurs traditionnelles pour assurer sa jonction avec la modernité…forcément occidentale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;C. «An-Nahar», les alliances rotatives du clan Tuéni et le transfert amoureux de Samir Kassir:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;L’expérience d’Al-Shi’ir durera quatre ans (1957-1961), mais l’équipe essaimera par la suite dans les publications arabes notamment le poète libanais Youssef Al-Khal dans «An-Nahar». Appliquant au journalisme les prescriptions de leur manifeste fondateur, ces recrues de choix contribueront grandement à la rénovation de l’écriture journalistique moderne arabe dont «An-Nahar», à juste titre, en revendiquera la paternité et qui placera le prestigieux quotidien de Beyrouth à l’avant garde de la pensée libérale arabe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Homme aux multiples talents, multicartes avant l’heure, multicartes avant le terme, Youssef El-Khal, un des fondateurs de la revue «Al-Shiir», collaborateur de la revue Hiwar et du journal «An-Nahar», assurera la jonction entre ces divers organes de presse. Passeur d’idées, homme de réseaux ou homme de liaison?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Faux profil de faux Lénine, portant barbichette et casquette de son contre modèle soviétique, orthodoxe du Nord Liban, compagnon de route du Parti Populaire Syrien (PPS), un parti animé d’une idéologie insufflée par les Anglais pour la réalisation d’un ensemble régional connu sous le nom de la «Grande Syrie» par regroupement autour d’un «croissant fertile» six pays du Moyen-orient (Syrie, Liban, Irak, Palestine, Jordanie et Chypre), épris du culture anglo-saxonne, tenant table ouverte au célèbre restaurant beyrouthin «The Horse Shoe», cet homme avait pignon sur rue au Journal «Al-Nahar» à l’autre extrémité de la rue Hamra qui longeait le café littéraire huppé de l’intelligentsia arabe de Beyrouth, distillant ses sentences au gré de ses visiteurs.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Un parcours similaire mais non identique à celui de ses mentors politiques Charles Malek et Ghassane Tuéni, ses commensaux également de rite grec orthodoxe, également épris de culture anglo-saxonne, le premier, l’universitaire, ancien recteur de l’Université américaine de Beyrouth, l’homme par excellence des Américains au Liban qui sera gratifié de la présidence de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies en 1959 pour avoir réclamé en sa qualité de ministre des Affaires étrangères le débarquement des marines en 1958 à la rescousse du président Camille Chamoun en butte à la première guerre civile interlibanaise, le second, le journaliste diplômé de Harvard, ancien compagnon de route du Parti Populaire Syrien, ancien ambassadeur du Liban aux Nations Unies et futur conseiller diplomatique du président Amine Gemayel, signataire du premier traité de paix libano israélien en 1983 et jamais ratifié.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;L’essor d’«An-Nahar» date véritablement de l’assassinat de Kamel Mroueh, dont l’élimination a dégagé en quelque sorte la voie à son compère beyrouthin. Plus qu’une rivalité, les journaux présentaient des relations de complémentarité, les deux facettes d’une même politique, avec une nuance de taille toutefois.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Au choc frontal d’«AL-Hayat» et aux imprécations au premier degré du pétro monarchique commandité, «An-Nahar», formation universitaire oblige, pratiquait l’esquive et l’allusive, le deuxième degré en somme. Alors que la presse nationalisée des pays arabes sombrait dans le conformisme bureaucratique d’une couverture de l’actualité institutionnelle d’autant plus contraignante que le monde arabe vivait le traumatisme de la défaite de juin 1967, «An-Nahar» assumera la relève, chevauchant la vague moderniste à la faveur du cosmopolitisme ambiant de Beyrouth, se présentant comme une singularité dans l’horizon de la presse arabe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Doté d’un des premiers réseaux de correspondants dans les diverses capitales arabes, y compris les principautés pétrolières du Golfe encore sous mandat britannique, exprimant dans un style accessible à l’opinion occidentale les raisons du refus arabe de la politique pro israélienne des pays occidentaux, «An-Nahar» contribuera à donner une impulsion éditoriale à l’ensemble de la zone, compensant par une fonction tribunicienne assumée au niveau de l’opinion internationale, la défaite historique du nationalisme arabe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;C’est dans «An-Nahar» que seront publiés les premiers communiqués de la guérilla palestinienne, notamment du Fatah, le mouvement de Yasser Arafat. C’est dans ce quotidien-là que seront consignés les comptes-rendus les plus minutieux des divers mouvements contestataires naissants. C’est dans ce journal là enfin que seront publiées les analyses les plus pertinentes de la vie politique trans-arabe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Une citation dans «An-Nahar» valait consécration. Lecture obligée de l’ensemble de la classe politique, des cercles diplomatiques et de toute une génération d’universitaires, «An-Nahar» a pu caresser l’ambition d’égaler en prestige le grand quotidien égyptien «Al-Ahram» plus précisément son influent commentateur Mohammad Hassanein Heykal, le conseiller du président égyptien Gamal Abdel Nasser, le point fixe de Ghassane Tuéni, l’objet de son ambition secrète, l’explication cachée sans doute de son engagement politique en tant que conseiller diplomatique du président libanais Amine Gemayel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Sous la contrainte des lois du marché, la recherche permanente de débouchés ainsi que les engagements politiques successifs de la famille Tuéni, Ghassane et son fils Gébrane, «An-Nahar» tendra à se couler dans le moule d’un conformisme sinon valorisant du moins rémunérateur, conséquence d’une rétention mentale induite par les grands parrains économiques de la presse et les pétromonarchies du Golfe.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Le journal qui animait une critique omnidirectionnelle a été subitement comme malencontreusement atteint d’une forme d’hémiplégie intellectuelle, apparaissant à tort ou à raison comme une «roue dentée» de la diplomatie américaine dans la zone, réservant ces derniers temps ses flèches acérées quasi-exclusivement à la Syrie, la puissance occupante du Liban, passant sous silence la corruption généralisée des dirigeants arabes, leur impéritie, l’assignation à résidence forcée de Yasser Arafat, le Président démocratiquement élu de la Palestine, les bombardements américains sans discernement contre les populations civiles de Falloujah et Nadjaf en Irak, la féroce répression israélienne de Jenine (Cisjordanie) et de Gaza, ainsi que la mafiocratie libanaise, le clanisme féodal du Liban, le déficit abyssal de son budget, la gabegie de son administration sclérosée ainsi que l’instrumentalisation du martyrologue libanais en tant que tremplin politique des anciens chefs de guerre opportunément reconvertis dans la défense de la Démocratie qu’ils ont constamment piétinée et des Droits de l’homme qu’ils n’ont jamais cessé de bafouer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A lui seul le parcours de Gébrane Tuéni constitue un cas d’école des alliances politiques rotatives du Liban de l’après guerre civile, avec une prédilection particulière toutefois pour la fréquentation du grand capital et les hommes de pouvoir au faite de leur autorité, notamment Michel-El-Murr, Michel Aoun ou Rafic Hariri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Parrain financier des milices chrétiennes libanaises, partenaire en affaires du milliardaire libano saoudien Hariri et inamovible ministre de l’intérieur du premier mandat du président Emile Lahoud (1998-2004), de cet homme-là, Michel El-Murr, l’une des plus célèbres «girouettes» de la vie politique libanaise (5), «Gaby» en sera le gendre, épousant sa fille et qui dotera par des subventions régulières l’édition internationale du Nahar, «An-Nahar al-Arabi wa Douwali», du temps de son exil parisien, dans les années 1980. Gébrane Tuéni fera ensuite cause commune avec Michel Aoun du temps où le Général exerçait le pouvoir à la tête du gouvernement transitoire libanais à la fin du mandat d’Amine Gemayel, qu’il délaissera dans son exil contre toute attente pour Rafic Hariri, l’ancien premier ministre libanais assassiné en févier 2005, un de ses plus récents bailleurs de fonds avec le Prince saoudien Walid Ben Talal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Suprême avanie: l’homme qui épousera en seconde noce une riche héritière de sa communauté orthodoxe, qui a bâti sa réputation comme le chantre d’un libanisme intégral pur et dur, d’une spécificité chrétienne libanaise, devra son élection au siège de député de Beyrouth lors de la première consultation électorale libanaise suivant le retrait syrien, en juin 2005, à l’important apport de voix musulmanes exigé de ses électeurs par son chef de liste Saad Hariri pour sauver de la déconvenue son nouvel allié richement doté mais mal-aimé.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Fils puîné de Ghassane Tuéni, Gébrane, héritier par défaut, a été propulsé à la direction d’«An-Nahar» par suite du décès accidentel à Paris en 1987 de son frère aîné, Makram, brillant diplômé de l’Université Américaine de Beyrouth. Depuis Décembre 2004, date de sa prise effective de fonction, il n’a eu de cesse d’élargir le cercle de ses ambitions au gré des rebondissements de ses alliances déconcertantes, éliminant dans des conditions de brutalité inouïe le légendaire rédacteur en chef du journal, Ounsi al-Hajj, l’homme qui avait grandement contribué à la légende du Nahar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Un journal aurait pu contenir les dérives d’An-Nahar et lui contester son leadership, le quotidien beyrouthin As-Safir (l’ambassadeur), porte-parole des forces palestino-progressistes durant la première phase de la guerre (1975-1990), mais la trop longue navigation du fondateur du quotidien, Talal Salmane, dans l’orbite financière de la Libye, puis dans celle de Rafic Hariri a quelque peu désorienté son lectorat et saper son magistère, en particulier auprès de ses co-religionnaires qui ne lui pardonneront pas sa quête de subsides d’un pays qu’ils vouent aux gémonies pour sa responsabilité dans la disparition du chef charismatique de leur communauté, l’Imam Moussa Sadr.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;«AL-Hayat», le journal du combat de l’axe saoudo américain de la première époque, a fait l’objet d’une déstabilisation à mi parcours en 1966 par l’assassinat de son directeur Kamel Mroueh à une période de forte tension politique régionale marquée par le détournement par Israël des eaux du Jourdain et les menées hostiles de l’Arabie saoudite contre la jeune équipe baasiste syrienne. Quarante après, «An-Nahar», le journal de la deuxième génération, a fait l’objet d’une identique tentative de neutralisation par une série d’attentats contre l’entourage immédiat de la publication résolument anti-syrienne.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Alors que les Chiites prenaient le pouvoir en Irak dans la foulée de l’invasion américaine et qu’un dirigeant kurde Jalal Talabani présidait aux destinées de l’ancien empire abbasside, que des pressions franco-américaines contraignaient la Syrie à une retraite sans gloire du Liban, la garde rapprochée d’«Al-Nahar» était la cible d’attentats qui élimineront de la scène politique Rafic Hariri, ancien premier ministre libanais, un des principaux bailleurs de fonds du quotidien et nouveau chef de file des anti-syriens du Liban, ainsi que Samir Kassir, son éditorialiste vedette, tous deux tués dans des attentats à quatre mois d’intervalles (Hariri le 14 février et Kassir le 2 juin 2005), alors que Marwane Hamadé, député druze du Chouf et oncle maternel de Gébrane Tuéni, le directeur du journal, était auparavant sérieusement atteint par un attentat en octobre 2004 à Beyrouth. Gébrane finira par être mortellement atteint l’année suivante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A l’instar de ses nouveaux parrains libanais, Samir Kassir empruntera, lui aussi, un parcours tout aussi identiquement curviligne. Ancien compagnon de route du parti communiste, franco-libanais de connexion familiale syro-palestinienne et sympathisant de la cause palestinienne du temps de son exil parisien où il collabora à la revue de gauche, le mensuel français «Le Monde Diplomatique», Samir Kassir sera, à son retour à Beyrouth, comme grisé par les veloutés de la société beyrouthine, comme frappé par une sorte de transfert amoureux, épousant et les idées et la figure emblématique de l’expression médiatique des milices chrétiennes libanaises, une animatrice vedette d’une chaîne satellitaire saoudienne,…..à l’opposé du combat de jeunesse de sa famille d’origine. Funeste état de grâce d’un fatal état de disgrâce.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Au vu des ses deux tentatives de neutralisation tant à l’encontre du Hayat que du Nahar, il est à croire que dans les périodes de bouleversement géostratégique, il est des dépassements de seuil qui ne sauraient se franchir dans le monde arabe sans déclencher des répliques punitives. Au cours de l’histoire séculaire de la presse libanaise, d’autres journalistes ont connu un sort aussi funeste. Nassib Metni (le télégraphe), en 1958, Kamel Mroueh (Al-Hayat), en 1966, Riad Taha (président des patrons de presse) et Salim Laouzi (al Hawdess-Les événements), en 1980, ont payé de leur vie les incertitudes de cette activité lucrative mais aléatoire, sans que l’on puisse établir avec certitude si ces patrons de presse ont péri sur le champ d’honneur de la liberté de la presse ou sur celui le terrain du mercenariat professionnel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;De même, au plan politique, le Roi Abdallah 1er de Jordanie assassiné en 1948, le premier ministre irakien Noury Said, lynché par la population 10 ans après à Bagdad, en 1958, ainsi que son compère jordanien Wasfi Tall, tué en 1971, le président égyptien Sadate en 1981, le président libanais Bachir Gemayel, dynamité à la veille de sa prise du pouvoir en 1982, et l’ancien premier ministre libanais Rafic Hariri en 2005, enfin, constituent à cet égard les plus illustres témoins posthumes de cette règle non écrite des lois de la polémologie si particulière du Moyen-Orient. Pour douloureuse qu’elle soit, et sans pour autant décourager les candidatures, l’histoire du Monde arabe abonde de ces exemples de «fusibles» magnifiés dans le «martyr», victimes sacrificielles d’une politique de puissance dont ils auront été, les partenaires jamais, les exécutants fidèles, toujours.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Celui que la presse arabe a désigné à Doubaï comme «journaliste de l’année en 2003» en hommage à son action, Ghassane Tuéni, patriarche comblé d’honneur mais inconsolable de la perte de ses deux enfants, dûment averti désormais dans sa chair des déconvenues d’un trop long compagnonnage du journalisme avec une stratégie d’hégémonie extra-nationale, souscrira aisément à ce constat empirique tiré de sa propre expérience, à savoir que le journaliste du futur se doit de se vivre comme un observateur majeur de la vie politique, non comme un partenaire mineur du gouvernement, un faire valoir du pouvoir, tant il est vrai, l’expérience l’enseigne, qu’une proximité du pouvoir entrave inévitablement la marge de manoeuvre d’un média et une proximité avec les puissances d’argent altère irrémédiablement sa fonction critique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Désormais sérieusement talonné par son rival beyrouthin, le nouveau venu de la scène médiatique libanaise, «Al-Akhbar», à la tonalité davantage nationaliste et constitué d’ailleurs par d’anciens collaborateurs de la famille Tuéni excédés par les dérives autocratiques et politiques du clan, «An-Nahar», malgré le recrutement de transfuges de l’ancien vivier communiste, s’apparente, par moments, de même que son compère francophone «l’Orient-le Jour», par ses tendances irrédentistes et ses préoccupations libano centristes, à un bulletin paroissial de grand format face à la grande configuration journalistique du Moyen-orient. A n’y prendre garde, son étoile, longtemps brillante au firmament de la constellation de la presse arabe, pourrait ne devenir qu’un simple phénomène d’hystérisis: une étoile, brillante certes mais éteinte...brillante uniquement dans l’imaginaire de ses anciens lecteurs, au titre du fantasme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;De référence, le journalisme libanais est devenu la caricature de lui-même, animé par un mouvement perpétuel de contorsionnement mercantile. A défaut d’une refonte déontologique de la profession et de la corporation de ses adhérents, il est à craindre que la presse libanaise ne s’enfonce dans une longue crise de langueur.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Les effets de plume les plus talentueux ne sauraient faire l’économie d’une sérieuse remise en cause de la fonction journalistique. A moins d’un sursaut éditorial qui introduirait une dissonance dans le concert unanimiste proaméricain de la zone à l’effet de faire contrepoint aux vecteurs transnationaux, la presse libanaise risque une relégation dans un domaine qui a longtemps constitué son champ d’action privilégié et les médias libanais au XXI me siècle représenteront alors pour la grande presse arabe ce que l’homéopathie constitue pour la pharmacologie, une dose infinitésimale.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Notes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;4- Cf à ce propos «Hadarat Az-Zoumala’ - al Mouhtarramine», Ses Excellences, les respectables confrères» Nasser Eddine Nachachibi, Editions Dar Akhbar al Balad, Jérusalem 1996. M. Nachachibi, journaliste palestinien, est l’ancien époux de Mme Alia el-Solh, fille de l’ancien premier ministre libanais Riad el-Solh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;5- Michel El-Murr a réussi ce tour de force d’être l’allié inconditionnel de tous les dirigeants libanais lorsqu’ils étaient au faîte de leur pouvoir, successivement Bachir Gémayel, chef des milices chrétiennes (1975-1982) et président éphémère du Liban, Rafic Hariri, premier ministre du Liban (1992-1998/2000-2003), Michel Aoun, chef du gouvernement transitoire du Liban (1988-1990). Michel el-Murr, dont la querelle avec son frère publiciste Gabriel el-Murr, directeur de l‘ancienne chaîne de télévision «Murr-TV», a pollué la mandature du Président Emile Lahoud (1998-2006), dont il a été avec son fils Elias l’inamovible ministre de l’intérieur, se pose désormais en soutien du nouveau président Michel Soleimane. Il projette de présenter à la députation trois membres de sa proche famille aux prochaines élections législatives libanaises (mai -juin 2009): son fils Elias (Metn), sa petite fille Mona Tuéni, la fille de Gébrane Tuéni (Acharafieh-Beyrouth) et son gendre Edouard Gharios, dans le district de Baabda, démontrant par là un bel exemple d’engagement clanique au service du renouvellement du personnel politique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1. Entretien de Joseph Samaha, éditorialiste du journal libanais «As-Safir», ancien responsable du journal «Al-Hayat» à Beyrouth, avec Gaelle Le Pottier, in «Mondialisation et nouveaux médias dans l’espace arabe», ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Franck Mermier, Editions Maisonneuve et Larose -Paris- octobre 2003. Le déficit d’«Al-Hayat» serait de l’ordre de 10 à 20 millions de dollars par an, selon les années, que le propriétaire le prince Khaled Ben Sultan, fils du ministre de la défense du royaume, renfloue régulièrement en raison de la position de prestige que cette acquisition lui procure au sein de la famille royale saoudienne.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;2. «The Liberal Conspiracy: the Congress for Cultural Freedom and the struggle for the mind of postwar Europe» Peter Coleman, New-York, The Free Press-1989.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img height="170" src="http://www.palestine-solidarite.org/rene_naba-mrap.jpg" width="127" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;René Naba :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Ancien responsable du monde arabo-musulman au service diplomatique de l’Agence France Presse, ancien conseiller du Directeur Général de RMC/Moyen orient, chargé de l’information, est l’auteur notamment des ouvrages suivants : —« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Liban: chroniques d’un pays en sursis » (Éditions du Cygne); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;« Aux origines de la tragédie arabe"- Editions Bachari 2006.;  "Du bougnoule au sauvageon, voyage dans l’imaginaire français"- Harmattan 2002. « Rafic Hariri, un homme d’affaires, premier ministre » (Harmattan 2000); « Guerre des ondes, guerre de religion, la bataille hertzienne dans le ciel méditerranéen » (Harmattan 1998).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign="middle" class="bigArticleText" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=listByAuthor&amp;amp;authorFirst=Ren%C3%A9&amp;amp;authorName=Naba" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Articles de René Naba publiés par Mondialisation.ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;ins style="display: inline-table; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; height: 90px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px; "&gt;&lt;ins style="display: block; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; height: 90px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 728px; "&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="90" hspace="0" id="google_ads_frame2" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="google_ads_frame" scrolling="no" src="http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-1591488516340780&amp;amp;output=html&amp;amp;h=90&amp;amp;slotname=7596882990&amp;amp;w=728&amp;amp;flash=10.0.32&amp;amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondialisation.ca%2Findex.php%3Fcontext%3Dva%26aid%3D11364&amp;amp;dt=1257166461288&amp;amp;prev_slotnames=0626022255&amp;amp;correlator=1257166460917&amp;amp;frm=0&amp;amp;ga_vid=2116443408.1257166460&amp;amp;ga_sid=1257166460&amp;amp;ga_hid=971730348&amp;amp;ga_fc=1&amp;amp;u_tz=0&amp;amp;u_his=1&amp;amp;u_java=1&amp;amp;u_h=600&amp;amp;u_w=800&amp;amp;u_ah=566&amp;amp;u_aw=800&amp;amp;u_cd=32&amp;amp;u_nplug=19&amp;amp;u_nmime=78&amp;amp;biw=783&amp;amp;bih=486&amp;amp;fu=0&amp;amp;ifi=2&amp;amp;dtd=5&amp;amp;xpc=tbhT0wPy10&amp;amp;p=http%3A//www.mondialisation.ca" vspace="0" width="728" style="left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;div class="articleFooterText" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Avis de non-responsabilité : Les opinions exprimées dans cet article n'engagent que l'auteur et ne reflètent pas nécessairement celles du Centre de recherche sur la mondialisation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=section&amp;amp;sectionName=membre" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Pour devenir membre du Centre de recherche sur la mondialisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le Centre de recherche sur la mondialisation (CRM) accorde la permission d'envoyer la version intégrale ou des extraits d'articles du site www.mondialisation.ca à des groupes de discussions sur Internet, dans la mesure où les textes et les titres ne sont pas modifiés. La source doit être citée et une adresse URL valide ainsi qu'un hyperlien doivent renvoyer à l'article original du CRM. Les droits d'auteur doivent également être cités. Pour publier des articles du Centre de Recherche sur la mondialisation en format papier ou autre, y compris les sites Internet commerciaux, contactez: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:crgeditor@yahoo.com" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;crgeditor@yahoo.com &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/www.mondialisation.ca" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;www.mondialisation.ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; www.mondialisation.ca contient du matériel protégé par les droits d'auteur, dont le détenteur n'a pas toujours autorisé l’utilisation. Nous mettons ce matériel à la disposition de nos lecteurs en vertu du principe "d'utilisation équitable", dans le but d'améliorer la compréhension des enjeux politiques, économiques et sociaux. Tout le matériel mis en ligne sur ce site est à but non lucratif et est mis à la disposition de tous ceux qui s'y intéressent dans le but de faire de la recherche ainsi qu'à des fins éducatives. Si vous désirez utiliser du matériel protégé par les droits d'auteur pour des raisons autres que "l'utilisation équitable", vous devez demander la permission au détenteur de ces droits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pour les médias: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:crgeditor@yahoo.com" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;crgeditor@yahoo.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;© Droits d'auteurs René Naba, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://renenaba.blog.fr/" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Le blogue de René Naba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;, 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'adresse url de cet article est: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;amp;aid=11364" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;amp;aid=11364&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="1" valign="top"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table id="footerTable" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="articleFooterText" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=privacy" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Privacy Policy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="articleFooterText" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;© Copyright 2005-2009 Mondialisation.ca&lt;br /&gt;Site web par &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.polygraphx.com/" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Polygraphx Multimedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; © Copyright 2005-2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-8707048823566569113?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/8707048823566569113/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=8707048823566569113' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8707048823566569113'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8707048823566569113'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/ce-texte-est-la-deuxieme-partie-de.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-1947353385582988877</id><published>2009-11-02T12:49:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T12:54:46.663+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;table id="ViewArticleTable" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td rowspan="1" width="0" align="left"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="left" valign="top"&gt;&lt;div class="articleTitle" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(128, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Les tribulations de la presse libanaise; de référence journalistique au contorsionnement mercantile.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="articleSubTitle" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="articleAuthorName" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Par René Naba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left" nowrap=""&gt;&lt;div class="bigArticleText12" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Le 7 decembre 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left" nowrap=""&gt;&lt;div class="bigArticleText12" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://renenaba.blog.fr/" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Le blogue de René Naba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;div class="bigArticleText12" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; margin-right: 10px; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class="center" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img alt="logo-media-liban" hspace="5" src="http://data5.blog.de/media/487/3045487_2c5839eddd_m.jpeg" vspace="5" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Liban – Médias (1/2)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Paris, 6 Décembre 2008-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; La contribution des Libanais à la civilisation est connue et reconnue. A défaut de pouvoir revendiquer le monopole exclusif de l’invention de l’alphabet et du gouvernail, les Phéniciens ont assuré la propagation universelle de ces deux vecteurs fondamentaux de la communication. Dans leur forme moderne d’expression, - le commerce et l’information- leurs descendants libanais se sont confirmés dans le rôle d’intermédiation culturelle. L’héritage est donc prestigieux et les Libanais s’en réclament non sans fierté, même si de graves abus ont quelque peu terni la revendication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;a id="more5172413" name="more5172413" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;I. Le journalisme libanais, côté face.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Admettre le rôle pionnier et innovateur des Libanais dans le développement de la presse arabe et dans la diffusion d’une pensée pluraliste au niveau transcontinental, s’acquitter en quelque sorte de cette dette d’honneur, autorise en contrepoint une lecture critique du bilan. L’exercice pour difficile qu’il soit est néanmoins nécessaire. Il participe même d’un acte de salubrité publique. N’en déplaise aux nationalistes chatouilleux, force est d’admettre que si le Vatican peut, à juste titre, revendiquer un rôle moteur dans l’impulsion de l’impression en langue arabe avec la publication des Evangiles en arabe, en 1590, et du Kitab al Najat (Le livre de la guérison) d’Avicenne-Ibn Sina,en 1593, le mérite de l’installation d’une imprimerie à caractères arabes en terre d’Orient, revient aux Moines du Mont-Liban, en 1610, avec l’aide des Missionnaires européens.&lt;br /&gt;Il en est de même de la presse comme de l’imprimerie, voire même de l’édition: le rôle d’avant-garde joué par l’intelligentsia libanaise dans le développement culturel et intellectuel arabe est de notoriété publique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A toutes les étapes de l’histoire de la presse, dans tous les domaines de l’impression et de l’édition, qu’il s’agisse de la mise en activité de la première imprimerie arabe en terre d’Orient, du lancement des grands journaux contemporains ou encore de la mise en place d’une presse périphérique transfrontalière, la contribution des Libanais ne souffre aucune contestation. Nassif al-Yazigi et son disciple Khalil el-Khoury (Hadiqat al Akhbar –le jardin des nouvelles/1857), ainsi que Boutros al-Boustani (Loubnane-Liban/1860) et Ahmad Farès Chidiaq, passent pour avoir été les véritables fondateurs de la presse libanaise, relayé en Amérique, nouvelle terre d’immigration libanaise, par Ibrahim et Najib Arbili (Kawkab Amrika- Astre de l’Amérique /1888) et par Naoum Moukarzel (Al-Huda 1898). De 1888 à 1929, soit en quarante ans, pas moins de 268 titres de journaux en langue arabe rédigés par des Libanais étaient recensés dans les deux Amériques, dont 79 aux Etats-Unis et 95 au Brésil, ainsi que 133 titres en Europe.&lt;br /&gt;Fait significatif de ce bouillonnement culturel est la fondation par les frères Taqla --Sélim et Béchara Taqla--, le 5 Août 1876, du plus prestigieux journal égyptien «Al-Ahram» (les Pyramides), qui demeure encore de nos jours l’un des pus grands titres de gloire du savoir faire journalistique libanais (1).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A son indépendance en 1943, alors que la presse du Golfe était encore à ses premiers balbutiements et que l’analphabétisme était le lot général d’une grande fraction de l’ensemble arabe, le Liban comptait déjà 132 publications dont 17 quotidiens et 15 revues hebdomadaires pour une population de 1,5 millions d’habitants et une superficie de 10.400 km2, record mondial absolu pour la densité démographique per capita. Une cohorte de plumes parmi les plus réputées du monde arabe Gibrane Tuéni (Al-Ahrar - les Libéraux/1924), Youssef Moukarzel (Ad-Dabbour- Le Bourdon/1923), Alexandre Riachi (Al Sahafi al Taeh, le journaliste errant/1922), Kamel Mroueh (Al-Hayat, la vie/1946), Said Freyha (As-Sayyad-Le chasseur), Abdallah Machnouk (Beyrouth al Massa), Mounah Al-Solh, Talal Salmane (As-Safir- l’Ambassadeur) ainsi que la triptyque prestigieuse, le duo francophone Georges Naccache et Michel Chiha (L’Orient-le Jour) et leur équivalent arabophone Ghassane Tuéni (An-Nahar) ont fait office de référence à toute une génération de journalistes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Dans les années 1960, au lendemain de la traumatisante défaite de la 3 me guerre israélo-arabe de juin 1967, alors que la presse arabe nationalisée sombrait dans le conformisme bureaucratique d’une couverture de l’actualité institutionnelle, les journaux de Beyrouth donnaient l’impulsion éditoriale à l’ensemble de la zone compensant ainsi par une fonction tribunicienne assumée au niveau de l’opinion internationale, la défaite historique du nationalisme arabe. Toutes les chapelles du nationalisme, du marxisme et du fondamentalisme religieux y avaient pignon sur rue et disposaient de journaux forts documentés sur les pays de la zone, à la plus grande satisfaction et au plus grand bénéfice de quelque cents cinq correspondants étrangers accrédités dans la capitale libanaise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Abritant avant guerre, près de trois mille imprimeries et une centaine maison d’édition, Beyrouth a édité une littérature politique supérieure en quantité, et souvent en qualité, à la totalité des pays arabes, et, se jouant de la censure, courante dans ces pays, en a assuré la diffusion. Premier diffuseur de la presse au niveau arabe, le Liban assurait à cette époque la circulation de 1.358 titres, toutes périodicités confondues (quotidien, hebdomadaire, mensuel, trimestriel, annuel) sur un total de 2.741 titres circulant dans le monde arabe, soit dix fois plus que l’Egypte, le plus grand pays arabe et dont la population s’élève à 60 millions d’habitants. Dans la tourmente de la guerre civile (1975-1990), la presse libanaise s’est maintenue, manifestant au cours des quatorze ans de conflit une formidable capacité d’adaptation, reflet d’un farouche instinct de survie. A Londres et à Paris qui ont abrité jusqu’à une trentaine de publications libanaises, les patrons de presse avaient aménagé des zones offshore pour l’édition et la commercialisation de la presse libanaise à vocation panarabe, déblayant ainsi le terrain au lancement des vecteurs trans-arabes modernes, puis ultérieurement aux chaînes satellitaires.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;II. le journalisme libanais, côté pile: le revers de la médaille ou les travers de la presse libanaise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;L’apport est donc indéniable, mais l’acquis est-il viable ? Foin de fanfaronnade: Au delà de ses nombreuses qualités, un handicap a constamment pesé sur la presse libanaise. La flexibilité tant vantée des Libanais s’est muée en versatilité, au point de déboucher sur un mouvement perpétuel de contorsionnement au gré des variations de leurs commanditaires.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;L’exiguïté du marché national, la recherche de débouchés ont pu avoir valeur de légitimes excuses, mais la versatilité poussée au point caricatural a eu pour conséquence d’altérer l’image de la presse libanaise. Un trait d’humour résume mieux que tout ce mercantilisme journalistique: Lors d’une audience au syndicat de la presse libanaise, Charles Hélou (1964-1969), qui a présidé aux destinées du Liban durant la difficile période consécutive à la débâcle arabe, a accueilli ses hôtes en ces termes, d’une ironie amère: Soyez les bienvenus au Liban, votre seconde patrie», comme pour stigmatiser leur double allégeance et à leur patrie d’origine et à celle de leurs nombreux commanditaires. Dans la période qui a suivi l’Indépendance du Liban (1943-1953) les bailleurs de fonds des journaux de Beyrouth étaient en effet principalement, mais non exclusivement, des richissimes hommes d’affaires libanais, le banquier Henry Pharaon, l’entrepreneur Emile Boustany et l’industriel Boutros Khoury.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;La donne changera avec l’irruption des querelles du Monde arabe propulsée au paroxysme de la guerre froide soviéto-américaine sur la scène libanaise où l’on relèvera, au plus fort de la rivalité égypto-saoudienne, pas moins d’une dizaine de journaux sous perfusion égyptienne et autant sous fusion saoudienne. Le proconsul égyptien, le Général Abdel Hamid Ghaleb et son attaché de presse Anour Jammal faisaient même office de Rédacteur en chef occulte de sept quotidiens (Al-Moharrer, Al-Liwa, As-Siyassa, Al-Kifah, Al-Hourriya, Al-Anouar et Al-Hawdess), tandis que son équivalent saoudien le Général Ali Chaer régnait en maître sur cinq quotidiens (Al-Hayat, Az-Zamane, Ad-Dyar, Al Joumhouriya et Ar Rouad).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Seul An-Nahar avait réussi à l’époque à faire jeu égal se livrant à un difficile exercice d’équilibrisme entre Républicains et Monarchistes du Monde arabe. La correspondance pronassérienne du Caire du journaliste Fouad Matar et l’éditorial panarabiste de Michel Abou-Jaoudeh étaient contrebalancés par les chroniques pro monarchiquement occidentales de Ghassane Tuéni, Ahmad Choumane et Ounsi Al-Hajj, celui là même qui sera prestement lesté de ses responsabilités, quarante ans plus tard, par le dauphin Gébrane Tuéni à sa prise de fonction en 2004 (2).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Le foisonnement intellectuel était à la mesure de la virulence de la bataille idéologique. Si l’agglomération Antélias-Jal el Dib, dans la banlieue chrétienne de Beyrouth, où résidaient Khaled Bagdache, secrétaire général du parti communiste syrien, Massa’ad Hajjal et Assa’ad Hardane, deux responsables du Parti Populaire Syrien, le communiste Rafiq Khoury et même Kamal Nasser, porte-parole de l’organisation de Libération de la Palestine de Libération de la Palestine, constituait un bastion de l’ordre contestataire arabe, un rôle dévolu par la suite à Beyrouth-Ouest, la revue «As-Shi’ir» ( la poésie) servait de point de ralliement au modernisme pro-occidental. Mais au-delà des joutes oratoires, dans le feu de la bataille, la commandite s’est insidieusement glissée dans les mœurs journalistiques, gagnant inexorablement Droit de Cité.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;La sentence, inévitable, s’abattra alors ans toute sa brutalité: de référence en matière journalistique, le journaliste libanais dans ses pratiques dévoyées est devenu synonyme d’une parfaite illustration du scribe thuriféraire. Cela a été vrai avant et pendant la guerre du Liban. Cela a été particulièrement vrai durant la première guerre du Golfe, en 1990. Cela sera encore plus vrai lors de l’invasion américaine de l’Irak en 2003 et la bataille de déstabilisation médiatique menée depuis le Liban contre la Syrie et ses retombées mortifères sur des opérateurs libanais. Le spectaculaire retournement politique d’une dizaine de publications pro-irakiennes à la veille de la guerre du Golfe, en 1990, le rocambolesque revirement du propriétaire d’Al-Watan al-Arabi (La Nation Arabe), un obligé notoire de l’Irak qui s’est réfugié au Caire à la première détonation pour mettre à l’abri ses nouvelles convictions sonnantes et trébuchantes acquises auprès des pétromonarchies du Golfe, auront eu un effet dévastateur sur la réputation des journalistes libanais. Ce cas n’a pas été unique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Le fameux «avantage comparatif» dont le journaliste libanais a longtemps bénéficié, qui en faisait le «préféré» parmi ses confrères arabes, s’est érodé sous l’effet des revirements, voire même des reniements, conduisant les traditionnels commanditaires à délaisser la sous traitance pour un pilotage direct des médias. Dans la foulée de la première guerre du Golfe, l’Arabie saoudite, principal bailleur de fonds de la presse panarabe depuis la mise en quarantaine tant de l’Irak que de la Libye, a pris en main la direction des vecteurs transfrontières, confinant les cadres libanais à l’animation des programmes de divertissement, aux échelons intermédiaires de la chaîne de commandement, réduisant en conséquence le rôle de Beyrouth en tant que plaque tournante du journalisme régional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A. L’empire médiatique de Rafic Hariri (3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hariri.org/wallpapers/wallpaper.jpg&amp;amp;imgrefurl=http://fr.blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-tnrUVvE9cqTsUE1QC0bScAjI%3Fp%3D1350&amp;amp;usg=__nm-yL6vfW3Bgh9yKPJmtMmCsZ1M=&amp;amp;h=768&amp;amp;w=1024&amp;amp;sz=349&amp;amp;hl=fr&amp;amp;start=201&amp;amp;um=1&amp;amp;tbnid=iklbEBUSp4RizM:&amp;amp;tbnh=113&amp;amp;tbnw=150&amp;amp;prev=/images%3Fq%3Drafik%2Bhariri%26start%3D189%26ndsp%3D21%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dfr%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img height="113" src="http://tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:iklbEBUSp4RizM:http://www.hariri.org/wallpapers/wallpaper.jpg" width="150" style="border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: initial; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: initial; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: initial; " /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Institution de légende consubstantielle à l’histoire du Liban, Rafic Hariri, qui dirigera le gouvernement libanais pendant dix ans (1992-1998/2000-2003) commencera par vouloir l’amadouer en débloquant de sa cassette personnelle la somme de 250.000 dollars à titre de contribution à l’édification du nouvel immeuble du syndicat de la presse. A l’automne 1991, moins d’un an avant son accession au pouvoir, il s’attirera ainsi les bonnes grâces du président du syndicat des journalistes, M. Melhem Karam, un homme à l’abri du besoin, propriétaire d’un important groupe de presse comprenant une publication francophone réputée «La Revue du Liban» et par ailleurs inamovible patron du syndicat depuis quarante ans.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Dans une opération de relations publiques visant directement les journalistes libanais, il n’hésitera pas, non plus, à affréter un avion spécial pour la couverture de la première visite de l’après-guerre du président libanais en France, M. Elias Hraoui, à l’automne 1991, régalant à ses frais la soixantaine de correspondants accourus pour la circonstance à Paris. Homme de pouvoir et surtout de pleins pouvoirs, Hariri ne souffrait la moindre contestation. La discordance l’insupportait au plus haut point, de même que le propos dubitatif ou plus simplement interrogatif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;De gré ou de force, par la séduction ou la contrainte, l’argent ou la violence, Hariri s’est ainsi constitué en 15 ans un véritable empire médiatique secondé par un aréopage de scribes laudatifs pour sa plus grande gloire et celle de ses projets. Bon nombre de journalistes succomberont aux séductions matérielles par nécessité de survie dans un pays exsangue, ou plus simplement pour la satisfaction d’une vaniteuse soif de reconnaissance sociale que les fastes du pouvoir engendrent. Se rendre en pèlerinage quotidien au City Café de Beyrouth au pied de la résidence du premier ministre et s’afficher en compagnie du porte-parole et distributeur de la manne haririenne, Nihad Machnouk, constituait alors un rituel du meilleur chic et constituait le summum de la consécration professionnelle et de la considération sociale durant le passage de M. Hariri au pouvoir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;A sa mort, Rafic Hariri se trouvait ainsi, au terme de vingt cinq ans de vie politique, à la tête d’un dispositif multimédia comprenant six vecteurs, dont une chaîne de télévision et une radio et des connexions dans six publications libanaises majeures. Signe d’oecuménisme ou d’opportunisme, le recrutement d’une cohorte d’une centaine de journalistes hétéroclites recouvre la gamme des sensibilités politiques libanaises et arabes, allant des anciens militants communistes aux miliciens des forces libanaises.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Au delà de Radio-Orient, dont il s’emparera à la veille de son arrivée au pouvoir en 1992, Hariri fondera une chaîne de télévision «Al-Mostaqbal» qui signifie «l’Avenir», titre annonciateur de son projet politique futuriste. Il rachètera la revue du même nom «Al-Mostaqbal», longtemps éditée à Paris par des nationalistes arabes luttant contre le colonialisme, avant de fonder un parti politique du même nom dont il confiera la direction à un ancien dirigeant communiste Mohamad Kichleh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Première radio communautaire arabophone de l’Europe continentale et de par son implantation la première radio arabophone d’Europe, Radio-Orient, émettant depuis Paris, média off-shore par excellence, a longtemps constitué un pavillon de complaisance dans une zone de non-droit, un condensé de l’histoire de la communication et des relations triangulairement ancillaires entre Paris, les pétromonarchies du golfe et le milliardaire libano-saoudien. Mais la bataille dans l’ordre symbolique ne s’arrêtera pas là. Il raflera les principaux titres de journaux qui ont bercé des générations de militants nationalistes du dernier quart du XX me siècle: «Saout Al-Ourouba», la voix de l’arabisme, organe du parti Najjadé d’Adnane Hakim, journal mythique de la jeunesse musulmane de Beyrouth dont le mot d’ordre «le pétrole des Arabes doit revenir aux Arabes» sonne comme un désaveu de la politique énergétique des amis de M. Hariri, les monarques pétroliers du Golfe proaméricain. Il s’emparera aussi du journal «Al-Hoda» et d’un quotidien d’expression française «Le Matin».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Ces trois titres ne paraissent pas mais constituent une sorte de réserve stratégique. Leur mise en circulation devant être décidée en fonction des impératifs de sa politique, dans l’hypothèse notamment où s’imposerait la nécessite d’amplifier sa puissance de feu face à ses détracteurs ou encore pour gratifier d’une sinécure un serviteur zélé notabilisé par le titre envié de Directeur de journal. Au-delà de la satisfaction d’un clientélisme de bon aloi, la détention d’une licence d’un journal d’expression française répondait toutefois à un objectif éminemment politique: faire peser le risque d’une concurrence sur l’Orient-Le Jour, dans un marché exigu et le conduire à composition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Ce journal, à tirage modeste sans rapport avec sa notoriété, se vit comme le grand quotidien francophone du Liban et de tout l’Orient arabe. Il a longtemps bénéficié, à ce titre, d’une subvention déguisée de la France sous forme de fourniture gratuite du papier journal, en guise de soutien à la Francophonie. «Le Matin», botte sécrète de Rafic Hariri, ainsi que l’appât que représentait un soutien haririen à la candidature présidentielle du Directeur du journal, Michel Eddé, éternel postulant à la magistrature suprême, sera en fait son principal argument pour contraindre la bourgeoisie d‘affaires chrétienne francophone et francophile à sceller un partenariat politique et électoral avec le milliardaire libano-saoudien et l’introniser dans le sérail politique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Toujours dans le symbole et sans doute par inclination pour ses amours de jeunesse, le mouvement des nationalistes arabes de Georges Habbache, dont il fut un sympathisant à Saida (Sud-Liban), il contribuera à l’acquisition par un de ses proches, M. Abdel Karim Khalil, de la revue «Al-Hadaf», porte-parole de l’organisation marxisante du Front Populaire pour la Libération de la Palestine (FPLP), longtemps dirigé par l’un des plus médiatiques dirigeants palestiniens, le poète Ghassane Kanafani. Même le prestigieux journal «Al-Nahar», longtemps porte-parole de l’intelligentsia libérale arabe ne résistera pas à l’attraction de M. Hariri. Artisan de la révolution éditoriale qui a donné naissance au journalisme arabe moderne dans les années 1960, le propriétaire du Nahar, Ghassane Tuéni, ancien conseiller diplomatique du président Amine Gemayel, sera partenaire de M. Hariri,et son beau frère, Marwane Hamadé, l’un des plus actifs membres des gouvernements Hariri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;En 2002, toutefois, M. Hariri cédera ses parts dans «Al-Nahar» au prince libano-saoudien Walid Ben Talal, qui lui disputait le leadership sunnite de Beyrouth en raison de sa filiation avec l’ancien premier ministre et père de l’indépendance libanaise Riad el-Solh. D’autres titres glorieux de la presse libanaise, qui furent en leur temps des porte-paroles de la coalition palestino-progressiste durant la guerre du Liban, ont paru par la suite récéptif à ses entreprises de séduction et à des subventions plus ou moins directes, notamment «Al-Charq» et «Al-Liwa». Voulant sans doute désamorcer les oppositions, l’ancien premier ministre a ratissé large comme en témoigne l’organigramme de son empire médiatique. Les noms des grandes familles musulmanes y côtoyaient ceux d’anciens membres des forces libanaises (milices chrétiennes) telle Rima Torbey, ou d’anciens militants marxistes tel Nassir al-Assaad et Tony Francis. Au sommet de la pyramide figuraient toutefois les représentants de la grande bourgeoisie musulmane notamment Assaad Mokaddem, ancien diplomate à la Ligue arabe et Mohamad Al-Samak, vieux routier du journalisme pro-saoudien, ancien conseiller politique de l’ancien premier ministre Saëb Salam et membre du dialogue islamo-chrétien, ainsi que Nihad Al-Machnouk, neveu d’un ancien dirigeant nationaliste de Beyrouth ou encore Nadim Al-Mounla, P.D.G. de «Future T.V.».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Cette chaîne sert de point de chute pour les anciens militants reconvertis au réalisme politique, tel Paul Chaoul, et pour d’anciens syndicalistes, tel Issam Jurdi, sans parler du poste de porte-parole de SOLIDERE, qui se voulait la vitrine de l’empire immobilier de M. Hariri, qu’il confiera paradoxalement à un journaliste au parcours cahoteux, Rached Fayed, qu’il évincera néanmoins alors que le journal «Le Monde» pointait du doigt, dans un tonitruant article paru en juillet 1998, «les crétinismes forcés des visiteurs de tous bords» consignés dans le bulletin trimestriel du groupe Solidere alors que le Liban faisait face à «une catastrophe patrimoniale sur fond de spéculation et d’argent blanchi».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;B. De Télé Liban à la chaîne «Al-Mostaqbal»: De la rapine en guise de mécénat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Dans un pays frappé d’amnésie des suites de quinze ans de guerre interfactionnelle (1975-1990), dont les archives nationales ont été pillées, que cela soit le Musée National, la Bibliothèque de l’Université Libanaise ou même les archives de la Sûreté générale, les centres de documentation des organes de presse étaient devenus le lieu privilégié de la conservation de la mémoire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Amputé de sa seconde moitié par quinze ans de guerre, le Libanais a vécu la guerre dans une sorte d’amnésie partielle, amnésique de l’autre moitié du Liban, amnésique du passé du Liban, amputé de ce qui faisait sa conscience nationale. Promus au rang de mémoire vivante du Liban, les journaux, notamment les plus anciens et les mieux structurés, tels «An-Nahar» de la famille Tuéni et le groupe «As-Sayyad» de Saîd Freyha ont édité, au sortir de la guerre, de luxueux albums photographiques, souvent de qualité, à tonalité nostalgique, à portée pédagogique, à finalité mercantile, dans une opération qui peut se résumer en cette formule: la lacrimalité mémorielle au service du tiroir-caisse de journaux souvent à bord de l’apoplexie financière. Le stock documentaire de Télé-Liban, le plus important stock d’archives audiovisuel d’un des plus anciens média du Moyen-orient, constituait à cet égard un véritable trésor de guerre. Hariri s’emparera de ce butin, mettant du coup la main sur un important patrimoine documentaire (images-sons), historique et affectif de la nostalgie libanaise d’avant guerre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Le milliardaire fera acquisition de 49 pour cent des actions de télé-Liban, la télévision officielle libanaise, au prix de cinq millions de dollars. Il disposera ainsi pendant trois ans d’une tribune doublement officielle en tant que chef du gouvernement et en tant qu’hommes d’affaires, actionnaire principal de la télévision publique. Mais au-delà de cette fâcheuse confusion de genre dans ses aspects politique et médiatique, l’affaire s’est révélée être une juteuse opération commerciale. Le chef du gouvernement a en effet garder sa proie le temps de la duplication des archives la télévision publique libanaise avant de la restituer, en généreux mécène, à l’Etat, s’épargnant, sous couvert de bienfaisance, le règlement de substantiels droit d’auteur. Devant la pression parlementaire, M. Hariri a dû rétrocéder à l’état sa participation au prix de huit millions de dollars, empochant au passage une plus value de trois millions de dollars, avec en prime la totalité du stock documentaire de cette chaîne que ses collaborateurs ont dupliqué pendant les trois ans où leur patron en était le propriétaire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Du grand art dans la dissimulation, la rapine sous forme de mécénat: Avant son appropriation par M. Hariri, Télé Liban disposait du monopole exclusif de la diffusion jusqu’en l’an 2.012. Après la revente de ses actions, la télévision publique avait perdu sur les deux atouts qui faisaient sa force, le monopole de diffusion et le monopole documentaire, dont elle est désormais privée. La duplication à titre gracieux pour le compte de sa nouvelle chaîne privée Future TV du précieux stock d’archives du Moyen-Orient constitué par trente ans d’activités télévisuelles a en outre privé Télé-Liban de substantiels revenus au titre des droits de rediffusion.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Quoiqu’il en soit, la protubérance financière et médiatique du milliardaire libano-saoudien, de même que le comportement fugitif de son successeur, son fils ainé Saad, lors de la guerre destructrice israélienne contre le Liban, en 2006, qui lui a valu le sobriquet de “planqué” de Beyrouth, seront, toutefois, de peu de poids face la contestation de ses adversaires, les médias gravitant dans l’orbite du Hezbollah, dont la crédibilité puise sa force de la fiabilité de son chef, Hassan Nasrallah, artisan de deux glorieux faits d’armes contre Israël, le désengagement militaire israélien du sud-Liban, en 2000, et sa victorieuse riposte balistique dans l’hinterland strtatégique israélien durant la guerre, de 2006, ainsi que “Orange TV”, la nouvelle chaîne du Général Michel Aoun, le chef du courant patriotique libanais, la plus importante formation chrétienne, dont la sobriété de ton tranche avec l’étalage habituellement ostentatoirement extravagant des Libanais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Pour lire la deuxième partie sur les tribulations de la presse libanaise, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=va&amp;amp;aid=11364" target="_new" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;cliquez ici.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Références&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;1- Pour une étude plus fouillée sur la presse libanaise, notamment sur la stratégie médiatique américaine et son articulation sur le théâtre arabe via les deux roues dentées de la diplomatie washingtonienne «AL-Hayat» et «An-Nahar»-cf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;«Aux origines de la tragédie arabe» René Naba – Editions Bachar, Paris 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;«Guerre des ondes, guerre des religions, la bataille hertzienne dans le ciel méditerranéen René Naba (Harmattan 1998)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;2- «Ghaddan sa nadkhoulou al madina (Demain nous prendrons la ville d’assaut)» de Ibrahim Salameh (Société d’Europe et du Moyen orient pour l’impression et la commercialisation Beyrouth - 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;3- Sur l’empire médiatique de Rafic Hariri et notamment «Radio-Orient» cf «Rafic Hariri, un homme d’affaires, premier ministre» par René Naba Edition l’Harmattan 2000.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;img height="170" src="http://www.palestine-solidarite.org/rene_naba-mrap.jpg" width="127" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;René Naba :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Ancien responsable du monde arabo-musulman au service diplomatique de l’Agence France Presse, ancien conseiller du Directeur Général de RMC/Moyen orient, chargé de l’information, est l’auteur notamment des ouvrages suivants : —« &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Liban: chroniques d’un pays en sursis » (Éditions du Cygne); &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;« Aux origines de la tragédie arabe"- Editions Bachari 2006.;  "Du bougnoule au sauvageon, voyage dans l’imaginaire français"- Harmattan 2002. « Rafic Hariri, un homme d’affaires, premier ministre » (Harmattan 2000); « Guerre des ondes, guerre de religion, la bataille hertzienne dans le ciel méditerranéen » (Harmattan 1998).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2" align="left"&gt;&lt;div class="articleFooterText" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; text-align: inherit; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Avis de non-responsabilité : Les opinions exprimées dans cet article n'engagent que l'auteur et ne reflètent pas nécessairement celles du Centre de recherche sur la mondialisation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=section&amp;amp;sectionName=membre" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Pour devenir membre du Centre de recherche sur la mondialisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le Centre de recherche sur la mondialisation (CRM) accorde la permission d'envoyer la version intégrale ou des extraits d'articles du site www.mondialisation.ca à des groupes de discussions sur Internet, dans la mesure où les textes et les titres ne sont pas modifiés. La source doit être citée et une adresse URL valide ainsi qu'un hyperlien doivent renvoyer à l'article original du CRM. Les droits d'auteur doivent également être cités. Pour publier des articles du Centre de Recherche sur la mondialisation en format papier ou autre, y compris les sites Internet commerciaux, contactez: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:crgeditor@yahoo.com" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;crgeditor@yahoo.com &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/www.mondialisation.ca" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;www.mondialisation.ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt; www.mondialisation.ca contient du matériel protégé par les droits d'auteur, dont le détenteur n'a pas toujours autorisé l’utilisation. Nous mettons ce matériel à la disposition de nos lecteurs en vertu du principe "d'utilisation équitable", dans le but d'améliorer la compréhension des enjeux politiques, économiques et sociaux. Tout le matériel mis en ligne sur ce site est à but non lucratif et est mis à la disposition de tous ceux qui s'y intéressent dans le but de faire de la recherche ainsi qu'à des fins éducatives. Si vous désirez utiliser du matériel protégé par les droits d'auteur pour des raisons autres que "l'utilisation équitable", vous devez demander la permission au détenteur de ces droits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pour les médias: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:crgeditor@yahoo.com" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;crgeditor@yahoo.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;© Droits d'auteurs René Naba, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://renenaba.blog.fr/" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Le blogue de René Naba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;, 2008&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;L'adresse url de cet article est: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&amp;amp;code=NAB20081207&amp;amp;articleId=11318" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;www.mondialisation.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&amp;amp;code=NAB20081207&amp;amp;articleId=11318&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-1947353385582988877?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/1947353385582988877/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=1947353385582988877' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/1947353385582988877'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/1947353385582988877'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/les-tribulations-de-la-presse-libanaise.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-4417678159192213194</id><published>2009-11-02T09:32:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-11-02T09:33:06.769+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; "&gt;&lt;div class="entete_liste" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); text-align: left; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 11px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;div class="access" style="text-align: justify;color: rgb(255, 153, 0); text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 11px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;Actualité&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="titre" style="color: rgb(23, 85, 144); text-align: left; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 20px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;h2 class="access" style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(23, 85, 144); text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 20px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;img class="image middle nomargin" src="http://www.saphirnews.com/puces/msg_sentbox.gif" alt="" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: middle; text-decoration: none; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 682px; " /&gt; Abdelaziz Chaambi: son CRI contre l'islamphobie en France&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="chapeau" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: italic normal bold 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;h3 class="access" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: italic normal bold 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;Selon un sondage publié récemment, deux tiers des musulmans en France ont le sentiment qu'il existe "une hostilité très forte ou assez forte à l'égard de l'islam". Un sondage révélateur d'une islamophobie latente qui s'expose de plus en plus depuis la loi du 15 mars 2004 interdisant le port des signes religieux dans les écoles primaires et secondaires. Considérée comme une loi liberticide et islamophobe, quelques structures, à commencer par le Collectif contre l'islamophobie en France (CCIF), se battent contre ce fait social qui a tendance à s'institutionnaliser. Mais elles ont du mal à s'affirmer. Depuis peu, une nouvelle structure a vu le jour: la Coordination contre le Racisme et l'Islamophobie (CRI). Abdelaziz Chaambi, son fondateur, s'explique sur sa création pour Saphirnews.&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="para_1" class="para_1481323 resize"&gt;&lt;div class="photo left" style="text-align: justify;position: relative; padding-right: 1ex; float: left; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.saphirnews.com/photo/1151233-1481323.jpg?v=1229690722" alt="Abdelaziz Chaambi: son CRI contre l'islamphobie en France" title="Abdelaziz Chaambi: son CRI contre l'islamphobie en France" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; vertical-align: top; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; max-width: 682px; " /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="texte" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;div class="access firstletter" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;b&gt;aphirnews: Pourquoi avoir créé la Cordination contre le Racisme et l'Islamophobie (CRI)?&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abdelaziz Chaambi:&lt;/b&gt; Tout simplement parce qu'il y a une montée en puissance de l'islamophobie en France, surtout depuis la loi du 15 mars 2004 qui vise les musulmans en premier lieu, quoi qu'on en dise. En interdisant le port du voile, la République française a décidé d'exclure nos femmes et nos filles de l'espace public et c'est inadmissible car au nom de la laïcité, on fait de la discrimination. Dernièrement, je suis intervenu dans une affaire impliquant un frère souhaitant se marier. Il lui a été indiqué par une fonctionnaire municipale que la mairie du 8ème arrondissement (de Lyon, ndlr) pouvait ne pas célébrer son mariage car sa femme est voilée... et les exemples sont nombreux. L'ampleur de la discrimination en France est telle qu'on a recensé près de 220 000 actes discriminatoires en 2006. Seulement 50 cas ont fait l'objet d'un jugement mais les actes islamophobes ne sont pas comptabilisés, d'où l'importance d'un observatoire capable de mesurer au plus prêt l'ampleur du phénomène. Les organismes existants actuellement, du type Licra (Ligue internationale contre le Racisme et l'Antisémitisme, ndlr) ou SOS Racisme, ne prennent pas le problème à bras le corps. Il manque un outil en France capable de combattre efficacement l'islamophobie et la CRI aspire à être celui-ci. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vous dénoncez, comme beaucoup, l'islamophobie institutionnelle. Mais sur ce plan, le CCIF (Collectif contre l'Islamophobie en France) et le MRAP (Mouvement contre le racisme et pour l'amitié des peuples) partagent le même combat. Pourquoi ne pas les rejoindre tout simplement? Pourquoi fragmenter davantage la cause?&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Concernant le MRAP, il est bien l'un des seuls à se positionner sur ce terrain. Mais beaucoup en son sein "veulent la peau" de Mouloud Aounit (président du MRAP, ndlr). De plus, il nous faut un outil plus spécialiste sur la question comme il y en a pour l'antisémitisme. Le travail de la CRI est complémentaire à celui du CCIF. Ce collectif traite des affaires d'islamophobie sur le plan juridique; la CRI sur le plan politique. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mais justement pourquoi ne pas appuyer le CCIF dans vos démarches pour donner plus de crédibilité à ce combat tant légitime? Le collectif a déjà beaucoup de mal à s'affirmer...&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Je suis bien entendu pour une cohésion de tous. Cependant, chacun a sa manière de combattre. Le CCIF ne veut pas ébruiter certaines affaires en cours. Contrairement à celui-ci, la CRI choisit une posture offensive, on ne veut pas se laisser faire. J'ai un parcours militant depuis de nombreuses années et ce n'est pas aujourd'hui que je vais baisser ma tête. Je n'accepte pas que nos filles soient exclues de la société et je ne veux pas que l'Islam reste discret en France comme certains responsables musulmans le veulent. L'islamophobie en France est telle que beaucoup veulent camoufler leur islamité par peur. Beaucoup comme moi n'ont pas honte d'être musulmans et on veut se battre pour reconnaître nos droits. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alors qu'apportez-vous de nouveau?&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aujourd'hui, tout le monde est d'accord pour dire qu'il n'y a pas de hiérarchisation des racismes. Tous, à commencer par M. Sarkozy, parlent de leur refus de l'islamophobie. Mais rien n'est fait pour lutter contre. On veut qu'elle soit reconnue, au même titre que l'antisémitisme, au niveau politique en faisant d'elle un délit grave. On veut aussi interpeller le système en ouvrant cette coordination aux musulmans de toutes tendances politiques comme aux non-musulmans pour rassembler le plus de monde possible pour un même combat... La CRI veut amener des gens qui ne sont pas concernés par l'islamophobie, et le racisme de manière plus générale, à se battre à nos côtés. Dans l'intérêt général, on veut bien du soutien de "Gaulois" dans notre combat. C'est nouveau et c'est une manière comme une autre d'y arriver. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Quels moyens avez-vous à votre disposition? Pensez-vous être plus efficace que les autres acteurs?&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A terme, on veut bien être un outil incontournable sur les questions de l'islamophobie comme la Licra et le CRIF (Conseil représentatif des institutions juives de France, ndlr) le sont pour les questions d'antisémitisme et de révisionnisme. Pour cela, on va interpeller la classe politique en faisant un maximum de bruit au niveau médiatique et en conduisant des campagnes ciblées et des actions dites spectaculaires. Aujourd'hui, les cotisations personnelles sont nos principales ressources mais on va vite solliciter des subventions publiques et des mécènes pour nous renforcer. Mais l'argent n'est pas forcément le premier critère de l'efficacité! Aller occuper le bureau d'un député, manifester ou faire interdire un colloque ne nécessite aucun frais. Il faut juste des hommes et des femmes bien décidés à se battre sur le terrain. On a actuellement une soixantaine de personnes à Lyon prêts à agir dont un avocat prêt à défendre nos intérêts gratuitement et je suis sûr que la CRI va drainer beaucoup plus de monde dans les semaines et mois à venir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="liens" href="http://www.crifrance.com/" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 102); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;Site du CRI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="clear" style="clear: both; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="date" class="date" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 10px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;div class="access" style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 10px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;Jeudi 18 Décembre 2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="auteur" style="color: rgb(23, 85, 144); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 10px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;&lt;div class="access" style="color: rgb(23, 85, 144); text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; font: normal normal bold 10px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; "&gt;Hanan Ben Rhouma&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-4417678159192213194?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/4417678159192213194/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=4417678159192213194' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/4417678159192213194'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/4417678159192213194'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/11/actualite-abdelaziz-chaambi-son-cri.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-7062168213577878894</id><published>2009-10-31T18:27:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-10-31T18:28:02.979+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; "&gt;&lt;h2 class="post_name" id="post-276" style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 2.3em; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.04em; line-height: 1.3em; "&gt;Morocco | Players on a masculine stage&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="post_meta" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 1.4em; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;By &lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.theglobalgame.com/blog/author/nicolematuska/" title="Posts by Nicole Matuska" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 73, 112); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;Nicole Matuska&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span class="dot" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'lucida sans unicode', 'arial unicode ms', sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; 1 October 2007&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span id="sharethis_1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;table width="400" style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0.1em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0.1em; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-collapse: separate; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); "&gt;&lt;tbody style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;tr style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;td valign="top" align="left" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.4em; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0.1em; border-bottom-width: 0.1em; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; height: 1em; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); "&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.theglobalgame.com/images/tiflit01.jpg" alt="Matuska1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; " /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="caption" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;ACDA players, in red, at a match on Apr 8. Matuska has posted other&lt;a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/44362861@N00/collections/72157600790907569/" target="_blank" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 73, 112); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;photographs&lt;img id="snap_com_shot_link_icon" class="snap_preview_icon" src="http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/t.gif" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: top; max-height: 2000px; max-width: 2000px; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; float: none; left: auto; top: auto; line-height: normal; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/theme/silver/palette.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 14px; height: 12px; text-decoration: none; position: static; display: inline; visibility: visible; background-position: -1128px 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; from her documentary research project in Rabat. (Copyright © 2007 Nicole Matuska)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h4 style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.2em; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); clear: both; line-height: 1.25; "&gt;Juggling identities, Moroccan women look for a game&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Rabat, Morocco&lt;/strong&gt; | The fifth Women’s World Cup began Sept 10, and hundreds of thousands of viewers tuned in across the globe to watch defending champion Germany obliterate Argentina 11-0.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="captionright" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; float: right; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.theglobalgame.com/images/wwc07mor.jpg" alt="wwclogo" style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; " /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Raja Ghazali&lt;/strong&gt;, a 19-year-old female footballer in Salé, was sitting in her living room that Monday, flipping though the channels on satellite television, trying to decide between a Saudi-league football match or reruns of &lt;em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Star Academy&lt;/em&gt;, the Arab world’s answer to &lt;em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;American Idol&lt;/em&gt;. Many of Raja’s teammates were doing much the same, that is, not watching the Women’s World Cup. In fact, none of them knew the games had begun.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;I came to Morocco a year ago to study women’s football as a Fulbright scholar [see &lt;a href="http://www.theglobalgame.com/blog/?p=242" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 73, 112); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;Mar 11&lt;/a&gt;]. For a year now, I have been playing football as well as observing, interviewing and living with a women’s football team named ACDA (l’Association Cité des Arts) in Rabat, the capital. This is how I met Raja and about 25 other girls who have been playing football since they were young. They scream during Real Madrid–Barcelona games as loudly as the men next to them, they wear &lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Lionel Messi&lt;/strong&gt; and &lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Samuel Eto’o&lt;/strong&gt; jerseys with pride, but when asked if they were going to watch this Women’s World Cup, they looked at me as if I had just asked about a curling tournament.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;span id="more-276" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;This year, the tournament is being broadcast to more than 200 countries, a 25 percent increase over the previous tournament in 2003. According to FIFA’s website, viewing audiences worldwide will exceed previous standards for a women’s sporting event (“ ‘&lt;a href="http://www.fifa.com/womenworldcup/news/newsid=590140.html" target="_blank" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 73, 112); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;Women’s Football More Popular Than Ever&lt;img id="snap_com_shot_link_icon" class="snap_preview_icon" src="http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/t.gif" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: top; float: none; max-height: 2000px; max-width: 2000px; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; left: auto; top: auto; line-height: normal; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/theme/silver/palette.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 14px; height: 12px; text-decoration: none; position: static; display: inline; visibility: visible; background-position: -1128px 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,’ ” Sept 7). But that Raja, a promising footballer who lives and breathes the sport, could sit in her living room unaware that, at that moment, women like her were competing for the world championship made me start to reexamine the impact the women’s football movement is having in Morocco.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Before seeing ACDA play in a Ramadan tournament in 2004, when I was in Morocco on a study-abroad program, I did not know that women’s football existed here. The women’s game is easy to overlook. Football in Morocco is much like football all over the world, in that it is predominantly male. It is played everywhere and anywhere, from the posh neighborhoods of the country’s capital to the dusty, bare-earth terrains on the edge of the Sahara. Men fill up the cafés watching games, and boys kick around pieces of rubber and leather in the streets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="captionfull" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.theglobalgame.com/images/rajaghaz.jpg" style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; " /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;The football field in Morocco is a male space. Yet young women are entering this space and, in the process, challenging the male culture of football as well as expanding the definition of what it means to be a Muslim woman in Morocco.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;As Morocco begins to see women play, the story of women’s football slowly creeps into public consciousness. In 1998, Morocco created its first national women’s football team. Four years later, the Moroccan Football Federation (&lt;a href="http://www.frmf.ma/" target="_blank" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 73, 112); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;Fédération Royale Marocaine de Football&lt;img id="snap_com_shot_link_icon" class="snap_preview_icon" src="http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/t.gif" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: top; float: none; max-height: 2000px; max-width: 2000px; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; left: auto; top: auto; line-height: normal; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/theme/silver/palette.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 14px; height: 12px; text-decoration: none; position: static; display: inline; visibility: visible; background-position: -1128px 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) created a loosely structured women’s league. More Moroccan girls play each year, but what is happening now is more than an increase in numbers. Morocco is now seeing what might be the first generation of young women growing up with the opportunity and infrastructure to play. The game is being transformed from street ball to organized ball. There are many reasons for the transformation: the increase of satellite television in homes; the strengthening of education for women; pressure by FIFA to create more women’s programs, especially in Africa; and the emerging popularity of the Women’s World Cup. Moroccan families are seeing more women playing football in open spaces and on their television screens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Some say changes are occurring because of a large and growing generation gap, as part of which youth are identifying less with the traditions and cultural norms of their parents and grandparents and looking more toward France and the Western world. Others say that recent crackdowns on terrorism in Morocco as well as society’s backlash against Islamic groups have led to greater rights for women. Moroccan society’s response to the Casablanca bombings in 2003—to radical Islam and terrorism—has helped lead to seats for women in the parliament, a voice in civil society and a space on the football field.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Now, more families are letting their daughters play. Women’s teams, often two to three, exist in most major cities. The women’s league stages its competition alongside regional championship tournaments. Men’s professional clubs are starting to talk about creating their own women’s teams, and they have the money to do so.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;But a paradox still exists. In spite of these achievements, the football field remains a masculine stage. Social pressure pushes young girls into more “feminine” sports, the formal infrastructure suffers from a lack of will and financial support, and there is still no national championship. In this way, football reflects the push and pull of a society and its contradictions, which exist in all cultures when new ideas confront old ones.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;One can see this push and pull in the experiences of the young women on ACDA. The players range from 14 to 31 years old. Most come from modest working-class homes around Rabat and neighboring Salé. Although none of these girls has to sneak out of the house to play, they are often met with subtle and not-so-subtle skepticism and resistance from various sources.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Amina Ogdom&lt;/strong&gt;, a 24-year-old midfielder, is one of ACDA’s most talented players. She dribbles as if she is floating, her movements are that fluid. The girls on the team call her “Timoumi,” after &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okO9rgnBeGM" target="_blank" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 73, 112); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Mohammed Timoumi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;img id="snap_com_shot_link_icon" class="snap_preview_icon" src="http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/t.gif" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: top; float: none; max-height: 2000px; max-width: 2000px; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; left: auto; top: auto; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; position: static; display: inline; visibility: visible; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/theme/silver/palette.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 14px; height: 12px; background-position: -1072px 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, a Moroccan footballer of the 1980s, because of her ability to beat players on the run. Like most girls on the team, she started playing while she was young, in the streets with boys.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;“My brother used to hit me if he saw me playing,” said Amina. “I kept playing though because I liked it, it felt right. I played every sport, I couldn’t imagine what I would do without sports.” She is always the last one to stop playing at practice. When everyone is ready to quit, she is screaming to play through one more goal. So naturally, I was taken by surprise when I asked her what she wants to do in the future. “If I can, I’ll work. And later if I don’t stay with football? You know, girls want to get married, they want to have kids, catch the earth. If I can’t work, then I will just stay at home.” Her mother smiled when I posed the same question to her. “What I want for my daughter? I want her to veil herself, pray, get married, that’s it.” Then I asked her if Amina playing football was a problem. “What can I do, she has been playing since her childhood.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="captionfull" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.theglobalgame.com/images/khadija.jpg" style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; " /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Khadija Rafi&lt;/strong&gt;, one of the older players on the team, has a similar story. She also grew up playing with boys and had brothers who would tease and hit her when they saw her with a ball. She stuck with the game, however, playing on several teams before joining ACDA. Now 27, Khadija has been playing football formally and informally for more than 20 years. She is one of the only players who never misses practice and is at every game, often giving up her cleats so that better-skilled players with no cleats can play. However, Khadija also wants to get married and feels an urgency to do so in a culture in which most women get married in their late teens or early 20s.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;“If I were married, if there was a man and if there was an understanding between us, I would play, but if he doesn’t want, I would support my husband first,” Khadija told me one afternoon. “Football will end because of old age. It is necessary to get married, have kids, have a home, do something for the future. When the girl is old, at least her children will care for her … football will not be very useful.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;What it comes down to, subtle cultural resistance or not, is the lack of opportunities for women to advance with the sport. Morocco has a league for women; however, ACDA’s season this year consisted of eight scheduled games, of which only six were actually played. According to many players, coaches and trainers, this was normal. Games are constantly being canceled, and there is hardly any support from the federation for the league’s continuation. After five years of running a league, the federation has yet to organize a national championship, a real one comparable to the men, in which every team has a chance at the title and not only regional champions. Domestic soccer offers nothing but a dead-end.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;No one I know here feels this restraint more than Raja. Like the others, Raja grew up playing with the neighborhood boys on the street. She had an uncle who would pull her inside every time he saw her playing. But she said the boys kept calling her back. They liked her because she was like a boy to them. One day, her uncle saw her score a goal, saw the boys clapping and slapping her on the back. She says that is when her uncle realized that what she was doing was good.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Raja is what you would call a tomboy here in Morocco. She likes to keep her hair short and prefers baggy jeans, T-shirts or boys’ board shorts over tight jeans and fitted tops. Sometimes, when people see her playing football or walking outside, they yell &lt;em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;zoufri&lt;/em&gt;or &lt;em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;azri&lt;/em&gt;, names that refer to uneducated boys living on the street, homeless and without families.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;That doesn’t stop her from playing. Her mother has been supportive as she has moved from team to team, now playing with ACDA. When I asked her why she plays football, Raja looked confused. “I don’t know, that question, why do I play football? It’s like why do you drink water,” she answered. “Football is in my blood. You can’t ask that question. I feel comfortable in it. When I have problems I play. When I feel happy I play.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;But Raja doesn’t see a future for herself in Morocco. She explains that ACDA’s practices are often canceled because not enough girls show up, they do not have a real trainer, and they play the same teams every year because there is no money to travel outside their region. They also have not received their allotted game stipend in a year. She dreams of being able to train on a real field, with a real trainer, three to four days a week—just like the men, she says. One of the only ways she sees this happening is if she were to leave Morocco and play abroad.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;In her home, in a closet in the main living room where she sleeps, Raja keeps a suitcase of foreign football jerseys given to her by traveling women’s teams from Belgium, France and Germany. She has track suits and souvenirs, stickers and e-mail addresses. One day, Raja and I were sitting at the family computer going through pictures on a Moroccan website dedicated to the famous men’s footballer &lt;a href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZDIxlvUqD_c&amp;amp;mode=related&amp;amp;search=" target="_blank" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 73, 112); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Marouane Chamakh&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;img id="snap_com_shot_link_icon" class="snap_preview_icon" src="http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/t.gif" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: top; float: none; max-height: 2000px; max-width: 2000px; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; left: auto; top: auto; line-height: normal; text-decoration: none; position: static; display: inline; visibility: visible; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/theme/silver/palette.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 14px; height: 12px; background-position: -1072px 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. I saw her scanning the comments section under each photo, reading people’s reactions. She added a comment of her own as I read over her shoulder. In broken French, she wrote:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 4.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; line-height: 1.7em; "&gt;My name is Raja, I am 19 years old and I live in Morocco. Women’s football in Morocco is poor. There is no money or support. I want to play outside of Morocco. If you know of any teams, please write back.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;This brings me back to the Women’s World Cup and why Raja and her teammates aren’t watching. The reason might be the lack of effective advertising, that Al Jazeera Sport is not showing games, or that Eurosport opts to delay games or only to show highlights if motor sport happens to be on at the same time. The reason also might be that, although these girls acknowledge the existence of a developed women’s professional game in Europe and elsewhere, it seems far from their own experiences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;For them, it seems far more natural to watch Barcelona play Sevilla, to scream familiar names they grew up with on TV. ACDA’s goalkeeper, &lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Saadia&lt;/strong&gt;, likes to remind me constantly that she plays because she wants to play, not because she is a girl or in the minority. She does not understand the difference between herself and a boy on the street kicking a ball around.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;So maybe the reason comes down to fitting in, in a culture in which football is for boys and is yet to be for girls.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Yet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h4 style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.2em; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); clear: both; line-height: 1.25; "&gt;About the author&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;A 2006 graduate of Northwestern University, Nicole Matuska earned a Fulbright fellowship for 2006–07 to study women’s football in Morocco and is producing, with colleague &lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Megan Cramer&lt;/strong&gt;, a documentary on the experience. Her work has featured previously in the &lt;em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Chronicle of Higher Education&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;strong style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "&gt;Erin Strout&lt;/strong&gt;, “&lt;a href="http://chronicle.com/subscribe/login?url=/weekly/v53/i09/09a04102.htm" target="_blank" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(34, 73, 112); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; "&gt;The Goal in Morocco: Research on Women via Soccer&lt;img id="snap_com_shot_link_icon" class="snap_preview_icon" src="http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/t.gif" style="margin-top: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: top; float: none; max-height: 2000px; max-width: 2000px; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; left: auto; top: auto; line-height: normal; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(http://i.ixnp.com/images/v6.14/theme/silver/palette.gif); background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 14px; height: 12px; text-decoration: none; position: static; display: inline; visibility: visible; background-position: -1128px 0px; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,” 20 Oct 06) and elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-7062168213577878894?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/7062168213577878894/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=7062168213577878894' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/7062168213577878894'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/7062168213577878894'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/10/morocco-players-on-masculine-stage-by.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-3607575683080976731</id><published>2009-10-30T10:00:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-10-30T10:00:43.734+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: small; color: rgb(212, 121, 51); "&gt;&lt;center style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.novareinna.com/festive/hallowtitle.jpg" height="279" width="520" border="0" alt="The Traditions of Halloween" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;It is believed that the origins of Halloween may probably be found in an ancient, pre-Christian Celtic festival which honored the dead. The Celts divided their year into four major holidays and, according to this calendar, the year began on a day which now corresponds to November 1 on the modern calendar. The date marked the advent of Winter and, since the Celts were pastoral people, it was a time when cattle and sheep were moved to closer pastures and all livestock secured for the coming months of harsh Winter. It was also a time when crops were harvested and stored...a date which marked both an ending and a beginning in a perpetual cycle of life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;This Celtic festival was observed at a time the people called Samhain...the largest and most significant holiday of the year...also commonly referred to as "All Hollows" Eve. The Celts lived approximately 2,000 years ago in the areas now known as Ireland, the United Kingdom and Northern France. It was believed that at the time of Samhain, more so than any other period during the year, the ghosts of the dead were able to mingle with the living. This belief stemmed from the idea that during Samhain, the souls of those who had died during the year would begin their travels into the Underworld. It was also a time when Lord Samhain, Lord of Darkness, would arrive in search of those spirits in order that he might aid them in their journey. Gatherings were held to sacrifice animals, fruits and vegetables. Bonfires were lit to honor the dead and to aid the souls as they journeyed...the fire was also beneficial in keeping such souls away from the living since, on that day, all manner of beings might be abroad...ghosts, fairies, demons...all considered to be part and parcel of the "dark and dread."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;By 43 A.D., Roman armies had conquered the majority of Celtic territory. During the course of the following 400 years that Rome ruled the Celtic lands, two festivals of Roman origin were combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain. The first of these was known as Feralia, a day in late October when Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead. The second Roman festival to be incorporated into the Celtic Samhain festivities was one which honored Pomona, Roman Goddess of Fruit and Trees.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;When Christian missionaries undertook the task of changing the religious practices of the Celtic people, Samhain was gradually transformed into the modern celebration of Halloween. During the early centuries of the First Millennium, before the time of such missionaries as Saint Patrick and Saint Columcille converted the Celts to Christianity, they practiced an elaborate religion through their priestly caste known as the Druids. The Druids were composed of priests, poets, scientists and scholars. As religious leaders, ritual specialists and bearers of knowledge, the Druids were not entirely different from the very missionaries and monks who would later Christianize the Celtic people and forever brand them as evil devil worshippers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;As a result of Christian efforts to eliminate "pagan" holidays (such as Samhain), the Church succeeded in bringing about major transformations to Celtic festivals. In 601 A.D., Pope Gregory the First issued a now famous edict to his missionaries regarding the native beliefs and customs of those peoples he hoped to convert. Rather than attempting to obliterate the customs and beliefs of native races, Pope Gregory instructed his missionaries to employ such traditions. For example, if a certain group worshipped a tree, then rather than cut that tree down, the Pope advised that it be consecrated to Christ and its worship be allowed to continue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;In terms of spreading Christianity, this was a brilliant concept and became a basic approach used in the work of Catholic missionaries. Church holy days were set to purposely coincide with native festivals. Christmas, for instance, was assigned the arbitrary date of December 25 because it corresponded with the Mid-Winter celebration of many cults. In the same manner, Saint John's Day was set to take place on the Summer Solstice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;With its emphasis squarely upon the supernatural however, Samhain was decidedly pagan. While missionaries identified their holy days with those observed by the Celts, the earlier religion's unearthly deities were branded as evil and said to be associated with the devil. Representative of the Church's rival religion, Druids were declared evil worshippers of devilish or demonic gods and spirits and the Underworld of the Celts inevitably became identified with Christianity's concept of Hell. Although this policy diminished beliefs in the traditional Celtic Gods, it could not completely eradicate such ideas. Celtic belief in creatures of the supernatural continued to persist and the Church instituted deliberate attempts to define those who followed the old ways as being not merely dangerous, but also malicious until such people were forced to go into hiding and eventually branded as witches.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;The Christian feast of All Saints was assigned to November 1. The day honored every known Christian Saint and particularly those who did not otherwise have a special day devoted to them. This feast day was intended to act as a substitute for Samhain...to draw the devotion of the Celtic nation and, finally, forever replace the old Pagan festival. However, that was not what occurred, even though the traditional Celtic deities diminished in status over time and became the fairies and leprechauns of more recent tradition.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;The ancient beliefs associated with Samhain never died out entirely. The powerful symbolism of the traveling dead was far too strong in the minds of believers, who failed to be satisfied with the new and more abstract Catholic feast which honored Saints. Realizing that something would be needed in order to subsume the original energy of Samhain, the Church tried once more in the 9th Century to supplant it with another Christian feast day. This time, it established November 2 as All Souls Day...a time when the living prayed for the souls of all the dead. But, once again, the practice of retaining traditional customs while attempting to redefine them had a sustaining effect...the traditional beliefs and customs lived on, often in new guises.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#000000;"&gt;All Saints Day, otherwise known as Hallowmas ("hallowed" being defined as "sanctified" or "holy"), continued the ancient Celtic traditions. The evening prior to that day was the time of the most intense activity, both human and supernatural. People continued to celebrate All Hallows Eve as a time of the wandering dead, but the supernatural beings were now thought of as evil. Folk continued to propitiate those spirits (and their masked impersonators) by setting out gifts of food and drink. Subsequently, All Hallows Eve became Hallow Evening, which later became known as Halloween...an ancient Celtic, pre-Christian New Year's Day dressed in a contemporary fashion. The traditional black and orange associated with Halloween also have their roots in the ancient festival of Samhain...black to represent the time of darkness after the death of the God and orange to await the dawn of his rebirth at Yule.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-3607575683080976731?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/3607575683080976731/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=3607575683080976731' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/3607575683080976731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/3607575683080976731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/10/it-is-believed-that-origins-of.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-6822002812939431535</id><published>2009-10-30T09:48:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-10-30T09:49:28.968+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Now Lebanon</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; "&gt;&lt;div class="leader-tit" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 24px; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;span id="lbTitle"&gt;The Lebanese Halloween&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="leader-sec-tit" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px; line-height: 17px; "&gt;&lt;span id="lbTitle2"&gt;Eid al-Barbara in Geagea and Aoun masks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="author" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 11px; color: rgb(148, 145, 125); margin-bottom: 5px; "&gt;&lt;span id="lbAuthor"&gt;Sabina Llewellyn-Davies, Special to NOW Extra&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span id="lbDate"&gt;, December 3, 2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="block" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 18px; "&gt;&lt;div class="seperator" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px; background-image: url(http://nowlebanon.com/images/dash.gif); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 2px; clear: both; background-position: 0% 50%; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font-size: 12px; "&gt;&lt;table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="font-size: 12px; "&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align="right" style="font-size: 12px; "&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="vertical-sep" width="30" style="font-size: 12px; background-image: url(http://nowlebanon.com/images/vert.gif); background-repeat: repeat-y; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 50% 0%; "&gt;&lt;img height="1" src="http://nowlebanon.com/images/trans.gif" width="30" /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="font-size: 12px; "&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="divMainPic" class="block" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 18px; "&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;font-size: 12px; "&gt;&lt;img id="ImgMain" title="The Lebanese Halloween" src="http://nowlebanon.com/ContentPictures/Berbara-420-12308082450.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="caption" style="text-align: justify;font-size: 10px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 13px; padding-top: 5px; "&gt;&lt;span id="lbPicCaption"&gt;Street salesmen find politicians and tiger masks sell in roughly equal measure, though the global slowdown may have hit the market (Sabina Llewellyn-Davies)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="block" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 18px; "&gt;&lt;div class="summary" id="size" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; "&gt;&lt;div id="div0" style="font-size: 12px; display: block; "&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Every third of December in Beirut, children in masks roam their neighborhood knocking on doors, collecting sweets and chocolate, to celebrate the &lt;em&gt;Eid al-Barbara&lt;/em&gt;, the feast of Barbara. Screaming &lt;em&gt;heyshlee Barbara&lt;/em&gt; - run away Barbara - it has become a tradition to compete with each other for the biggest stash of goodies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;A local legend, the historical figure of Barbara is considered a saint by many Lebanese. She is, naturally, the patron saint of gunmen and those who handle explosives, and her festival is celebrated rather like Halloween, which is a festival relatively new to Lebanon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;And, just like St Valentine and St Nicholas, this saint has become a marketable concept and an opportunity to sell, in this case, costumes and gory masks. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Scary like politics&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In the past, local kids used to conjure up frightening disguises with whatever they could find at home. But today, every bit as scary, mass-produced plastic masks of monsters and Lebanese politicians bought from street vendors are the custom.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“Animal masks, such as lion and tiger, are the most popular with small kids,” says Jeanne d’Arc Zakkareye, a street vendor in Saide, Achrafieh. “Dora the Explorer costumes are all the rage, followed by Batman and witches.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;And, of course, “Aoun and Geagea masks are really popular around here. But if you ask me, I wouldn’t pick either of them,” she adds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Does she believe in Barbara’s sainthood? “Well, no saint was able to cure my brother,” she says. Zakkareye points to a crippled man crouched on the pavement next to her stall. His legs are deformed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In Hamra, “the Saad Hariri mask is the top seller in my shop,” says Souad [she prefers to be known as Em Samer], owner of Dani, a shop in Makdesi Street.  “Kids are coming in with their parents to take a look at the masks, but this year few people are buying.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Zakkareye agrees, adding that if people buy they are going for the cheap masks. Maybe the global recession is even hitting the mask market even though they only cost 1,000 - 3,000 LL.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Local legend&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;According to local legends, Barbara was a young Roman girl who lived in the Beqaa region of Lebanon. Her father was governor of the Roman city of Baalbek and loyal to pagan gods. He kept his daughter under lock and key in a Rapunzel-style tower to avoid all contact with the outside world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“In Baalbeck we celebrate Saint Barbara with a huge street festival,” says Rima El Berkachy, a Beqaa resident who swears that Barbara really does originate in Baalbek.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The story goes that instead of letting down her hair to welcome illicit suitors, Barbara used her solitary confinement to do some serious soul searching. She converted to Christianity and disguised herself when she escaped from the tower to elude her father - hence the tradition to dress up in costumes and masks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Alas, Barbara’s story was no fairy tale, and there is no happy ending. Her father gave orders to have her beheaded. Legend has it that lightning struck and the earth swallowed her body; her father died shortly after.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;The patron saint of gunners&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“For most of us, Barbara is just a childhood tradition and we celebrate it regardless of our religion,” says Souad, pointing out that she was a Christian married to a Muslim. She believes that few Lebanese seem to ponder on the religious significance of the day, preferring to focus on the carnival fun aspect.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;In 1975, it was a different story. “Militias smashed the windows of the shops in Hamra selling masks,” said Souad. Why? Back then, wearing masks to mark a religious custom was frowned upon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Phallic fallacies&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Traditional food for Barbara is a dish of sugared boiled barley. “We also eat qatayef, pancakes, stuffed with ashta, clotted cream, or walnuts,” says Kamal Mouzawak,founder of Souk al-Tayyib farmers market.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;According to Mouzawak, the reason for serving the barley is linked to when Barbara tried to escape from her father. While hiding in a field, the wheat sprouted and kept her hidden – that’s until soldiers captured her.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;The sprouting wheat is also considered a symbol of fertility by Baalbeck’s community, says anthropologist Joelle Haroun. Also the “stuffed” qatayef – go figure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There are several churches in Lebanon dedicated to Barbara and in Baalbek the Greek Catholic cathedral is dedicated to her.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;“In the early Byzantine era the court of Jupiter's temple was converted to a church dedicated to Saint Barbara,” says Mouzawak.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;There seemed to be fewer kids ‘trick-or-treating’ in our neighborhood this year. It would be a shame if traditional Barbara night of mayhem was left behind by Halloween. Perhaps if a politician's mask doesn’t appeal, kids could make their own costumes again.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;And then they should get out on the streets and be glad that this December no one went out on a senseless bender to smash up the masks and magic of a night all Lebanese can enjoy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-6822002812939431535?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/6822002812939431535/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=6822002812939431535' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/6822002812939431535'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/6822002812939431535'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/10/now-lebanon.html' title='Now Lebanon'/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-8499506555408351162</id><published>2009-10-30T09:46:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-10-30T09:48:05.756+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(73, 73, 73); line-height: 20px; "&gt;&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 24px; "&gt;Bissiye.... Halloween?&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="clear-block" style="display: block; "&gt;&lt;div id="node-79911" class="node" style="border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(247, 245, 238); margin-top: -1.5em; margin-right: -26px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: -26px; padding-top: 1.5em; padding-right: 26px; padding-bottom: 1.5em; padding-left: 26px; "&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(137, 137, 137); font-size: 11px; "&gt;Wed, 2009-10-07 19:16 — chief&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="content clear-block" style="display: block; margin-top: 0.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;p style="margin-top: 0.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_SLEmarmr7Cc/SszNAgdGBGI/AAAAAAAAB2o/yUf_z3U7VEI/s1600-h/Yammine+Halloween.JPG" style="color: rgb(108, 66, 14); text-decoration: none; "&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5389908262651298914" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_SLEmarmr7Cc/SszNAgdGBGI/AAAAAAAAB2o/yUf_z3U7VEI/s400/Yammine+Halloween.JPG" border="0" style="border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; " /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;OK, here's a super-bastardized concept!.... Another mish-mash whereby Lebanese adopt globalization while keeping the local twist. Halloween is naturally associated with costumes and masquerades... And it falls on October 31st. St. Barbara, a local tradition in the land, is also associated with the same rituals (Children dressing up and going trick and treating) while singing "bissiye Berbara, wel amh bil mghara," (Barbara the cat, and the wheat is in the cave)... According to legend, the reason she is associated with disguise is that when the emperor was torturing her by dragging her behind a chariot, the people could see her face changing into that of animals. The rest of the story goes that children, when not receiving a generous tip from the lady of the house would chant: "Arguileh faouk arguile, set el beit bakhile" (Hubbly bubbly upon hubbly bubbly, the lady of the house is stingy).Which brings us to the Yammine ad, a place specialized in costume rental!... It reads "Yammine Halloween", but also "The "berbara" (Celebration of St. Barbara) starts with us"!... As if one festivity is equal to the other. Which is not the case.&lt;img width="1" height="1" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2318845656175069186-8622121040071015056?l=beirutntsc.blogspot.com" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; " /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-8499506555408351162?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/8499506555408351162/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=8499506555408351162' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8499506555408351162'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/8499506555408351162'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/10/bissiye.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_SLEmarmr7Cc/SszNAgdGBGI/AAAAAAAAB2o/yUf_z3U7VEI/s72-c/Yammine+Halloween.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-6894636422530181992</id><published>2009-10-30T09:41:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-10-30T09:44:30.029+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 17px; "&gt;&lt;h4 class="serendipity_title" style="margin-top: 30px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; text-transform: uppercase; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 14px; font-size: 14px; text-align: left; font-weight: bold; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/archives/869-Berbara-the-Real-Halloween-a-Lebanese-Tradition.html" style="color: rgb(105, 15, 17); text-decoration: none; "&gt;BERBARA : THE REAL HALLOWEEN : A LEBANESE TRADITION&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;div class="serendipity_entry serendipity_entry_author_finkployd " style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: small; clear: both; "&gt;&lt;p class="posttime" style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 12px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; "&gt;Posted by &lt;a href="http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/authors/1-finkployd" style="color: rgb(105, 15, 17); text-decoration: none; "&gt;finkployd&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a href="http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/categories/23-Info" style="color: rgb(105, 15, 17); text-decoration: none; "&gt;Info&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sunday, December 3. 2006&lt;span class="serendipity_entryIcon"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="serendipity_entry_body"&gt;the evening of the 3rd of December is &lt;b style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold; "&gt;Berbara &lt;/b&gt;in Lebanon&lt;br /&gt;youths dress up in costumes and go around singing songs door to door&lt;br /&gt;in return, they are given treats, traditionally a 'boiled wheat dish' flavored with rose water [2ameh el berbara],&lt;br /&gt;and then sent off with money in their pockets...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); "&gt;on a good night... one can make over 100,000 LL [66 USD]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/images/dec06/birbara0.jpg" alt="Berbara : the Real Halloween : a Lebanese Tradition" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/images/dec06/birbara4.jpg" alt="Berbara : the Real Halloween : a Lebanese Tradition" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/images/dec06/birbara1.jpg" alt="Berbara : the Real Halloween : a Lebanese Tradition" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/images/dec06/birbara2.jpg" alt="Berbara : the Real Halloween : a Lebanese Tradition" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/images/dec06/birbara3.jpg" alt="Berbara : the Real Halloween : a Lebanese Tradition" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#222222;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-weight: bold; "&gt;In Lebanon, &lt;i style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); "&gt;Life Never Stops&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-6894636422530181992?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/6894636422530181992/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=6894636422530181992' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/6894636422530181992'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/6894636422530181992'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/10/berbara-real-halloween-lebanese.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-3477006432952090028</id><published>2009-10-29T16:31:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-10-29T16:32:46.182+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); "&gt;&lt;p class="title" style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', Arial, 'Courier New', sans-serif; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 0.04em; color: rgb(211, 220, 220); margin-left: 58px; margin-right: 58px; background-color: rgb(3, 3, 3); text-align: center; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Car à quoi servent les pieds ...&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', Arial, 'Courier New', sans-serif; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 0.04em; color: rgb(211, 220, 220); margin-left: 58px; margin-right: 58px; background-color: rgb(3, 3, 3); "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Car à quoi servent les pieds sinon à se joindre à la course qui les entraîne? et le coeur&lt;br /&gt;Sinon à compter le temps et attendre la seconde imminente?&lt;br /&gt;Et la voix, sinon à joindre la voix qui a commencé avant elle?&lt;br /&gt;Et la vie, sinon à être donnée? et la femme, sinon à être une femme entre les bras d'un homme? (*)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Et un bateau, dites, avec tous ses compartiments, avec toutes ces portes que l'on peut ouvrir et fermer,&lt;br /&gt;Quel beau joujou! C'est comme une boîte de naturaliste avec sa récolte.&lt;br /&gt;Toutes les espèces ensemble!&lt;br /&gt;C'est drôle de voir comment ils s'approchent et se reconnaissent, ces espèces d'antennes qu'ils se promènent sur la figure,&lt;br /&gt;De remarquer comment ils sont costumés, peignés chaussés, cravatés,&lt;br /&gt;Le livre qu'ils tiennent à la main, leurs ongles, la forme de leurs oreilles,&lt;br /&gt;Le bout de la langue qui apparaît entre les deux lèvres comme une grosse amande!&lt;br /&gt;Rien qu'une main&lt;br /&gt;Qui s'ouvre et qui s'agite, comme c'est affairé avec ses petits doigts! Comme on comprend ce qu'elle dit! (**)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Paul Claudel: (*) Cantique du Rhône (**) Partage de Midi, Acte I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-3477006432952090028?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/3477006432952090028/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=3477006432952090028' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/3477006432952090028'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/3477006432952090028'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/10/car-quoi-servent-les-pieds.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-905722592428740388</id><published>2009-10-29T00:00:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2009-10-29T00:00:51.074+02:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;div class="GBThreadMessageRow_Info" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 4px; "&gt;&lt;span bindpoint="authorLinkWrapper" class="GBThreadMessageRow_AuthorLink_Wrapper" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "&gt;&lt;a class="GBThreadMessageRow_AuthorLink" href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=509767966" style="cursor: pointer; color: rgb(59, 89, 152); text-decoration: none; "&gt;Karen J. Ayat&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="GBThreadMessageRow_Date" style="color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 4px; "&gt;October 28 at 11:48pm &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="GBThreadMessageRow_ReportLink" bindpoint="reportLinkWrapper" style="color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 4px; "&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="GBThreadMessageRow_Body" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); width: 450px; float: left; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; font-size: 13px; "&gt;&lt;div class="GBThreadMessageRow_Body_Content"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Essuyeur de glaces&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Lui, c’est le plus silencieux. Je le vois souvent sans vraiment l’aborder. Il a de ces regards qui intimident et une attitude d’observateur concentré qui me ramène illico quelques années en arrière, en juin plus précisément, mois pendant lequel, au lieu de profiter du soleil et des vagues, j’espérais du fond du cœur, faisant des allers retours nerveux dans le couloir de ma fac de droit, tomber sur un chapitre que j’avais bossé. En d’autres termes, il est tout simplement sombre… Et malgré la curiosité qu’il provoque en moi, cette envie de tout savoir de lui, de ce qui le rend triste a ce qui le fait rire, je l’évite comme s’il m’intéressait le moins de tous. Je me suis souvent demande si c’était un jeu qu’il jouait, une image qu’il se donnait, pour jouer l’inaccessible, le mal compris, l’artiste, le fort, le sensible, l’invincible… &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Un jour, au tournant d’une conversation banale comme toutes celles qui meublent les dimanches après-midi, ces conversations qui n’ont aucun sens et qui seraient effacées en premier si on devait trier notre vie, on s’amusait à confronter nos rêves d’enfant à notre situation d’adulte. Bien sûr, il y eut le pompier, le pilote d’avion, l’astronaute, le chercheur, le scientifique, le top model, l’artiste, l’acteur, l’écrivain, la styliste… Bref, ces métiers qui ne sont pas de vrais métiers en réalité, mais des passions que les plus chanceux réussissent à rendre rémunératoires. Mais aujourd’hui, ces rêves d’enfant avaient laissé place à des occupations ordinaires, routinières et parfois… décevantes. Celle qui rêvait d’être top model était devenue nutritionniste, celle qui voulait être chanteuse a découvert un peu tard qu’elle n’avait pas la voix et était devenue architecte, l’acteur a laissé place au banquier, l’astronaute était devenu médecin etc etc …&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Lui, comme d’habitude, restait silencieux. Il écoutait d’un air ennuyé. Il a fallu qu’on le lui demande pour qu’il nous fasse part de ses jeunes ambitions. Petit, il voulait devenir essuyeur de glaces. La confession nous fit rire… Mais lui, ne riait pas… Il était sérieux. Quand il était tout petit, il s’asseyait par terre et regardais l’homme qui nettoyait leurs vitres énormes typiques dans l’architecture anglaise. Il observait la transformation de la vue floue à la vue claire et éblouissante qu’offrait une vitre propre et se disait que ce métier était fantastique. Il voulait faire ca lui… rendre les choses plus belles. Et pour lui qui ne sortait jamais, les choses étaient plus belles quand les vitres étaient propres…&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Aujourd’hui il était devenu banquier. Et de la vitre de la banque en pleine capitale, la vue était rarement étincelante, souvent brouillée. Les gens étaient trop occupés pour nettoyer. Il ne rend pas la vue plus belle, ni la vie plus claire… les autres n’étaient pas devenus chercheurs, écrivains, pompiers, mannequins… Et lui… n’était pas devenu essuyeur de glaces. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-905722592428740388?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/905722592428740388/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=905722592428740388' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/905722592428740388'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/905722592428740388'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/10/karen-j.html' title=''/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2348129724355075996.post-2512361475240193476</id><published>2009-10-22T13:01:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2009-10-22T13:02:04.515+03:00</updated><title type='text'>http://french.about.com/library/travel/bl-ma-women.htm</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; "&gt;&lt;h2 align="center" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; color: rgb(77, 74, 66); font: normal normal normal 14px/1.3 Verdana; "&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Moroccan Culture Series&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color:#CC0000;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Women in Morocco&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;The situation of women in Morocco is somewhere between that of women in the West and those in conservative Islamic countries like Saudi Arabia.&lt;a href="http://french.about.com/library/travel/bl-ma-women.htm#*" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(51, 102, 204); "&gt;*&lt;/a&gt;  Here in Casablanca, everything seems fine on the surface. &lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;Clothing&lt;/b&gt; varies: women wear the entire range from the traditional conservative &lt;i style="font-style: italic; "&gt;jelaba&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i style="font-style: italic; "&gt;foulard&lt;/i&gt;(although &lt;i style="font-style: italic; "&gt;chadras&lt;/i&gt; are rare),&lt;a href="http://french.about.com/library/travel/bl-ma-women.htm#**" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(51, 102, 204); "&gt;**&lt;/a&gt; to Western suits, to skin-tight shirts and mini-skirts. The choice of dress tends to depend on both age and occupation: in general, teenagers wear sexy or casual Western clothes; professional women wear Western-style business clothing; and older, blue-collar, and unemployed women wear jelabas. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;I see both men and women &lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;working&lt;/b&gt; together almost everywhere I go: in banks, bakeries, schools, stores, and even government offices (although there are noticeably more men than women in the latter). I have never seen women running a stall at the souq (market) or driving a taxi; these domains seem to be reserved for men. From the conversations I've had, it sounds as though women are usually paid about the same as their male colleagues, which is more than can be said for some of their Western counterparts. My husband teaches at a private school of English for professionals, and at least half of his &lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;students&lt;/b&gt; are women. Thus, there doesn't seem to be any prejudice against women working and going to school, at least in Casablanca. Upon further study, though, there are a number of serious problems. Please note that unless otherwise stated, these observations are restricted to Casablanca; the situation in rural areas is probably quite different.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#CC0000;"&gt;Illiteracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;In the whole of Morocco, there is an extremely high illiteracy rate, especially in the countryside, and especially among women. According to the &lt;a href="http://french.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.pnud.org.ma/" target="_blank" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(51, 102, 204); "&gt;UNDP&lt;/a&gt;, more than 80% of women in rural Morocco are illiterate. I don't know what this means, exactly, except that based on what I said above about women at work and school, Casablanca is not a representative sample of  Morocco.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#CC0000;"&gt;Women and Work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;A married woman must get her husband's permission before seeking a job. Most working women, about 60%, are in textiles and light industry. Another 10% or so are &lt;i style="font-style: italic; "&gt;femmes de ménage&lt;/i&gt;(housekeepers or maids). Typically, these women are uneducated, illiterate, and unmarried, and earn room, board, and extremely low wages. They usually speak Arabic and possibly a few words of French. Their duties may include cooking, cleaning, and taking care of their employer's children, and those who don't live in usually go home to do the same thing for their families (which may include illegitimate children, sickly siblings, and/or elderly parents). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;I have befriended two &lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;professional&lt;/b&gt; women in Casablanca. Mina runs a sports center, while Jamila is an English teacher. Both of these women work full time in their respective jobs, and they also do essentially everything in the home: cook, clean, take care of the children, etc. The cooking alone takes tremendous amounts of time - I would say much more than in the typical Western household, and even more during holidays, including the entire month of &lt;a href="http://french.about.com/library/travel/bl-ma-ramadan.htm" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(51, 102, 204); "&gt;Ramadan&lt;/a&gt;. From what I can tell, their husbands do not assist in these domestic chores at all. (The one thing that men have sole responsibility for is the killing of any animals which the wife plans to prepare for dinner.) The husband and wife both work full time outside of the home, but the wife has a second full-time job caring for the household. While both of my friends say that it is difficult to do so much work, neither of them reacted to the suggestion that maybe their husbands could help out. These two women are something of an exception, however; most working families employ a femme de ménage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;Our own femme de ménage, Fatima, is an extraordinary women and an exception in some sense. She has always made it a point to work for ex-patriates and do an excellent job. When Fatima started working (at 14), she taught herself to cook in order to meet the complicated nutritional demands of her French employers, and she is now a tremendous cook. Because she can guarantee a clean house, happy children, and an excellent dinner, she earns twice the normal rate. Although she never went to school, she speaks fluent French and can read Arabic. She treats her employers like family; doesn't hesitate to offer impromptu lessons on Arabic, Moroccan culture, or Casablanca; and is one of the most honest and genuine people that I have ever met. Fatima has no brothers and lost her father at a very young age; thus as the older sister she has had to support her family since then. She has spent most of her life (she is now about 55) working full-time and then going home to care for her sick mother and, until she passed away, her younger sister.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;There is essentially no such thing as a non-working woman. Even if she does not go out and earn money, she cooks, cleans, takes care of the kids, etc. In contrast, unemployed men abound - they sit at cafés day and night.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#CC0000;"&gt;Marriage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;i style="font-style: italic; "&gt;Note: In February 2004, a &lt;a href="http://french.about.com/b/a/063926.htm" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(51, 102, 204); "&gt;new family code&lt;/a&gt; was passed which makes much of this section obsolete.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;According to Islamic law, men are allowed to have multiple wives, provided that their first wife gives them permission. I don't know anyone personally who has two wives and the Moroccans that I've asked say they know no more than one or two multi-wife families. Most Moroccans have embraced a Western point of view on this issue. Nonetheless, I must say that I find the "permission" concept rather strange. What would happen if the first wife said no? Would the man really accept that?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;Children&lt;/b&gt; are considered good luck and are adored here (and they are universally adorable - I have never seen so many beautiful children in all of my life). They also seem to be considered the reason for both marriage and a woman's existence. I have met Americans who think I'm missing out by choosing not to have children, but they pale in comparison to Moroccans, for whom family is everything. Every single Moroccan that my husband and I have chatted with for more than a few minutes has asked how many children we have, and when told none, the majority have asked why not? when will you have them? At first we were rather startled by this, but we soon learned that rather than telling them the truth (that we don't want to have children), it's better to tell them that we are waiting until we get settled. Even this, though, is not really accepted or even understood. One morning I felt a little ill, and our femme de ménage (whom we have told that we are waiting) started waxing ecstatic about how maybe I was pregnant and how beautiful our children would be. A professional woman suggested that I go see a doctor to find out why I hadn't gotten pregnant yet. She was oblivious to my explanation about wanting to wait until we had a home; I can't imagine her reaction if I had told her the truth, or how very rude I thought her suggestion was.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;Wills&lt;/b&gt; are an interesting conundrum. They seem to exist, but I don't understand why. From what I understand, upon a man's death, his property is automatically distributed as follows: half of his property is divided up among his sons, one fourth goes to his widow(s), and the other fourth is divided up among the daughters. I had a conversation with a woman named Malika about this: her father died and left a summer cottage to his widow, two daughters, and one son. Malika would like to buy out the others and keep the house, but in order to do so she must follow the above-mentioned division. She had hoped that her brother, who is very well off, would be amenable to a "fairer" distribution (such as 25% per person) so that she could afford to do this, but he says that she either has to come up with the "correct" division or sell the house so that he gets his fair share of 50% of its value. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;On the other hand, men still pay &lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;dowries&lt;/b&gt; to their wives. They often pay only a percentage of this before the wedding, and owe the rest, potentially for the rest of their lives. However, if the couple divorce, the man is still required to pay the rest of the promised dowry.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;Divorce&lt;/b&gt; - even when the woman has custody of the children, if she decides to leave the country, she must still get permission from her ex-husband.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;Both men and women continue to live &lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;at home&lt;/b&gt; with their parents until (if) they get married. Most parents will not allow their unmarried daughters to go out at night, no matter how old they are.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;I don't have statistics on &lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;domestic abuse&lt;/b&gt;, but I know that it is rampant and that there is very little recourse for its victims.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;table align="right" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; border-collapse: separate; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; empty-cells: show; "&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="vertical-align: top; "&gt;&lt;p align="center" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;Questions or comments?&lt;br /&gt;Please share them&lt;br /&gt;on the &lt;a href="http://forums.about.com/ab-french/messages/?msg=1008.1&amp;amp;ctx=10" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(51, 102, 204); "&gt;forum&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#CC0000;"&gt;Prostitution and Rape&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;Most women who become prostitutes do so upon becoming "illegitimately" pregnant, often due to rape. This disgrace causes her family (with whom she would normally live until she married) to kick her out on the street. With no education and no way to support her child, she can either be a femme de ménage or a prostitute. I have no data on which is the more popular choice, but I do know that there are ample numbers of both. Large areas of Casablanca are considered red light districts, and certain restaurants, cheap clubs, and all but one hotel bar* are usually flooded with prostitutes at night. Divorce may also lead to one of these employment choices, as women usually get custody of the children.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;*The Hotel Idou Anfa is the only hotel in Casablanca which does not allow prostitutes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;Traditionally, any woman (pregnant or not) who has premarital sex can pretty much forget about getting married, unless it's to the man who took her virginity. Her family will have nothing to do with her if they know she is not a virgin. On her wedding day, her bloody underpants must be displayed to prove that her husband got a "good deal." This seems to be changing now, however.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;I have heard rumors of a truly horrible activity. It is said that when important businessmen come into town, young women (virgins, of course) are kidnapped for a weekend or more. These women, too, are then kicked out of the home. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#CC0000;"&gt;Division of the sexes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;There are at least three places where men and women are kept separate: in hammams (public baths), gyms, and mosques. There are separate hammams for men and women, and gyms are either separate or have "male" days and "female" days. The mosque has separate sections for men and women. When we toured la grande mosquée, the tour guide explained that there is room for 20,000 men (on the main floor) and 5,000 women (on a large balcony). When asked why the men and women are kept separate, the guide explained that it's not because women are considered inferior,* but rather because that way the risk of getting distracted by the other sex is kept to a minimum. I would have liked to ask why there is room for four times as many men, but I suspect that I know the answer - because the other women are at home cooking and taking care of the kids.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;* I find it interesting that she prefaced her answer with this defensive comment, since my question was completely neutral.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;b style="font-weight: bold; "&gt;&lt;span style="color:#CC0000;"&gt;Feminism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;Last year I got to know two sisters, Samira and Sumaya. Samira is about 30 and works in a bank, Sumaya is around 40 and does volunteer work, and neither one is married. This is by choice, as they do not want to lose their independence. However, what I find interesting is that this feminist (even radical, considering that we're in Morocco) choice of lifestyle is somewhat overshadowed by the fact that they still live with their mother and they both wear the conservative jelaba and foulard. I would expect a Moroccan feminist to wear Western clothes and break out of the "unmarried" mold by getting an apartment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;a name="*" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;* Note:&lt;/a&gt; As always, this article is based on my own personal experiences, conversations, and observations while living in Morocco. It is not meant as a criticism of Morocco; simply a Western woman's perception.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;&lt;a name="**" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; "&gt;**&lt;/a&gt; Traditional clothing: A jelaba is an ankle-length, long-sleeved, loosely-fitting gown. A foulard is a scarf worn over the hair and fastened under the chin. A chadra is a veil which covers most of the face. When a foulard and chadra are worn together, only the woman's eyes are visible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2348129724355075996-2512361475240193476?l=francissaria.blogspot.com'/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/feeds/2512361475240193476/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=2348129724355075996&amp;postID=2512361475240193476' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/2512361475240193476'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2348129724355075996/posts/default/2512361475240193476'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://francissaria.blogspot.com/2009/10/httpfrenchaboutcomlibrarytravelbl-ma.html' title='http://french.about.com/library/travel/bl-ma-women.htm'/><author><name>Saria Francis</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04326026942855256991</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='05053148842963163326'/></author><thr:total xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'>0</thr:total></entry></feed>